Quelltext der Seite Benutzer:Shi Annan/Glorioso Islands Marine Natural Park

{{Importartikel}}
{{Infobox Schutzgebiet
| Name              = Parc naturel marin des Glorieuses
| Bild              = Iles eparses de l'ocean Indien.svg
| Bildbeschreibung  = 
| Bild 1            = Glorieuses ISS037-E-13064.JPG
| Bildbeschreibung 2= [[Glorioso Islands]] from the [[International Space Station]]
| IUCN_Kategorie    = 
| Karte             =
| Kartenbreite      = 
| Kartentext        = 
| Marker            =
| Markerfarbe       =
| Size              =
| px                = 
| py                = 
| Lage              =
| Breitengrad       = / / /N
| Längengrad        = / / /W
| Region-ISO        = 
| Fläche            = 43.502,24
| Einrichtungsdatum = 2012
| Verwaltung        = 
}}<!-- iucn_category=V [[French Southern and Antarctic Lands]]|map_caption=Location of the [[Scattered Islands in the Indian Ocean]], including the [[Glorioso Islands]].-->[[Meeresnaturpark Glorieuses]]
Der '''Parc naturel marin des Glorieuses''' (Mariner Naturpark der Glorios Inseln) ist ein [[marine park]] at the entrance of the [[Mozambique Channel]], around the [[Glorioso Islands]], in the [[Indian Ocean]]. It extends for more than 43,000&nbsp;km<sup>2</sup> until the edge of the [[Overseas France|French overseas territory]]'s [[exclusive economic zone]]. Established in 2012, it is the fourth {{Interlanguage link|Marine natural park|lt=marine natural park|fr|Parc naturel marin}} created by France and the second in the Indian Ocean after {{Interlanguage link|Mayotte Marine Natural Park|lt=Mayotte Marine Natural Park|fr|Parc naturel marin de Mayotte|WD=}}, which it abuts.

== Geography ==
Glorioso Islands Marine Natural Park lies between [[Mayotte]], the [[Seychelles]], [[Madagascar]], and the [[Comoros]],<ref name="Levin">{{cite journal |last1=Levin |first1=Noam |last2=Beger |first2=Maria |last3=Maina |first3=Joseph |last4=McClanahan |first4=Tim |last5=Kark |first5=Salit |title=Evaluating the potential for transboundary management of marine biodiversity in the Western Indian Ocean |journal=Australasian Journal of Environmental Management |date=1 February 2018 |volume=25 |issue=1 |page=65 |doi=10.1080/14486563.2017.1417167 |s2cid=56449567 |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/14486563.2017.1417167?needAccess=true|doi-access=free }}</ref> with the territory being part of the [[Scattered Islands in the Indian Ocean|Scattered Islands]].<ref name="Profiles"/>{{rp|44}}

The northern Mozambique channel, which the park lies within, is considered a hotspot for marine diversity.<ref name="Profiles">{{cite web |url=https://europa.eu/capacity4dev/file/51744/download?token=q6KMGyLd |title=Overseas Countries and Territories: Environmental Profiles |publisher=European Commission |date=January 2015 |access-date=15 January 2021}}</ref>{{rp|47}} The park is over 43,000&nbsp;km<sup>2</sup>,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.zones-humides.org/actualit%C3%A9-198 |title=Nouveau parc naturel marin des Glorieuses - au cœur de l'océan indien  |publisher=Eaufrance |access-date=18 January 2021 |language=fr}}</ref> covering the entirety of the Glorioso Islands EEZ.<ref name="Profiles"/>{{rp|13}} It is contiguous with {{Interlanguage link|Mayotte Marine Natural Park|lt=Mayotte Marine Natural Park|fr|Parc naturel marin de Mayotte|WD=}},<ref name="Levin"/><ref>{{cite book |title=OECD Review of Fisheries: Policies and Summary Statistics 2013 |date=2013 |publisher=OECD Publishing |isbn=9789264203440 |page=184 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=d5RsAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA184}}</ref> together forming a park stretching {{convert|110000|km2|sqmi}}.<ref name="TAAFoverview">{{cite web |url=https://taaf.fr/missions-et-activites/protection-de-lenvironnement/conservation-des-iles-eparses/la-parc-naturel-marin-des-glorieuses/ |title=Parc naturel marin des Glorieuses : un espace protégé au cœur de l'océan Indien |publisher=Terres Australes et Antarctiques Françaises |access-date=17 January 2021 |language=fr}}</ref>

== History ==
The territory of the Glorioso Islands has seen a number of problems due to illegal activities such as fishing and tourism. To keep an eye on these activities, while protecting the entire exclusive economic zone, the [[French Southern and Antarctic Lands]] and the {{Interlanguage link|French Marine Protected Areas Agency|lt=French Marine Protected Areas Agency|fr|Agence des aires marines protégées|WD=}} decided to develop a framework for managing the area.<ref name="Note"/>

Glorioso Islands Marine Natural Park was established through TAAF ordinance number 2012–245 on February 22, 2012,<ref name="Profiles"/>{{rp|51}} and the park entered operation in early 2015.<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=2012-02-22|title=Décret n° 2012-245 du 22 février 2012 portant création du parc naturel marin des Glorieuses - Légifrance|url=https://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/loda/id/JORFTEXT000025395053/2021-01-11/|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=2021-01-11|website=Légifrance|language=fr}}</ref> It is the fourth {{Interlanguage link|Marine natural park|lt=marine natural park|fr|Parc naturel marin}} established by France, and the second in the Indian Ocean following that of Mayotte.<ref name="Note"/>

== Marine biodiversity ==
The park is home to a reef that is 17&nbsp;km long and 165&nbsp;km<sup>2</sup> in area. Due to its isolation, the archipelago is relatively well preserved and contains a wealth of marine biodiversity, so it is a useful reference for scientific research and observation of the marine environment, as well as for monitoring [[climate change]].<ref name="TAAFoverview"/>

While the uninhabited nature of the islands can make it difficult to establish scientific missions there,<ref name="TAAFoverview"/> 1435 species have been identified around the Glorioso Islands, and 600 have been identified around the [[Banc du Geyser]].<ref name="Note">{{cite web |title=Le Parc Naturel Marine des Glorieuses |url=https://taaf.fr/content/uploads/2019/09/Note-PNMG.pdf |publisher=Terres Australes et Antarctiques Français |language=fr |access-date=17 January 2021}}</ref> These include more than 150 species of [[cnidaria]]ns and 349 species of [[coral reef fish]].<ref name="TAAFoverview"/>

The park also serves as a refuge area for a large number of endangered species including various sea turtles, marine mammals, rays, sharks, and sea birds. Around 11% of the species present within the park are listed in the appendices of international conventions on environmental conservation or appear on the [[International Union for Conservation of Nature]]'s [[Red List of Threatened Species]].<ref name="TAAFoverview"/><ref name="Note"/> [[Humpback whale]]s breed within its waters, and the wider region has seen 23 whale species.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/63745254/Coral_Reef_Atlas_and_Outlook_COI20200626-55322-1edv2qa.pdf?1593163084=&response-content-disposition=inline%3B+filename%3DCORAL_REEF_ATLAS_AND_OUTLOOK_South_Weste.pdf&Expires=1610722565&Signature=ZZiowM8jwZFjZdKP6FFAQuFXYFRC0mc0zAAn-dYjpKdfpXGAOhc3sf0SmsLcjlIcJXQyEqNtZ94qxYDju3Ttjq7VSrcIj8oEuqqKtD7KdjigBHTUR60jamNBQs18qML73KNhJwVqyYWLstHbFt78sN6M9MKqJWT8v-4u4Df2qioaL8h3Zmb5nuROAuplrzvsZyvgi4Bz2~rII88NnMcvDxfydl4lHdM~dQlmy4lY1YCKRB10~dkgx4fFWXutTs7ZjxHFuAREMSvKpe-UNfdUUX9GMZMauuWo6K7AImf3qxSKZGq2RdXMUT2U-WLpiucX~8eO4yjOIwpZ0idncMqFfA__&Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA |title=Coral Reef Atlas and Outlook: South Western Indian Ocean Islands |author=Klaus, R |publisher=Indian Ocean Commission |date=2014 |access-date=15 January 2021 |page=66}}</ref> The waters are an important location for [[Green sea turtle]]s.<ref name="Note"/>

Illegal fishing is suspected to have caused a decline in sea cucumber populations in the less patrolled areas of the park.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Mulochau |first1=Thierry |title=Commercially important sea cucumbers on Geyser Bank (Scattered Islands – Gloriosos – Indian Ocean) |journal=SPC Beche-de-mer Information Bulleti |date=March 2018 |volume=38 |page=15 |url=https://spccfpstore1.blob.core.windows.net/digitallibrary-docs/files/e9/e9acaa9112a27d87e7a767241b262d90.pdf?sv=2015-12-11&sr=b&sig=t1%2F6kLB5uojAJMYDHojFjQxh6%2FDPwABRHUc7sYPsguY%3D&se=2021-07-14T13%3A18%3A39Z&sp=r&rscc=public%2C%20max-age%3D864000%2C%20max-stale%3D86400&rsct=application%2Fpdf&rscd=inline%3B%20filename%3D%22BDM38_15_Mulochau.pdf%22}}</ref>

== Objectives ==

The park has four major officially mandated objectives: protection of [[natural heritage]], [[Sustainable fishery|sustainable fishing]], scientific observation, and [[ecotourism]].<ref name="TAAFoverview"/>

=== Natural heritage ===
Due to the isolated and uninhabited nature of the park, it has exceptional natural heritage. The preservation of this heritage is thus one of the most important challenges for the park. In particular, the park aims to protect and study [[turtle]]s (there are a large number of juvenile turtle habitats in the park), [[coral reef]]<nowiki/>s (including through research on [[coral bleaching]]), [[seagrass]] (five species of [[spermatophyte]]s have been confirmed there), and [[marine mammal]]s, using non-invasive research techniques.<ref name="Note"/>

=== Sustainable fishing ===
Fishing is the main activity conducted within the park, but authorities aim to promote sustainable fishing, particularly when it comes to fishing on reef banks such as the [[Banc du Geyser|Geyser]] and Cordelière reefs. Because the park is within the exclusive economic zone, fishing is technically prohibited within those waters, so the park works to monitor such activities.<ref name="Note"/> Fishing is prohibited within the 12&nbsp;nm territorial waters of the Glorioso islands, and within 10&nbsp;nm of [[Banc du Geyser]].<ref name="Profiles"/>{{rp|52}}

=== Scientific observation ===
The territory of the Glorioso Islands Marine Natural Park is considered a privileged scientific observatory due to its isolation. Thus, one of the park's aims is to improve scientific knowledge of the [[Mozambique Channel]]'s marine biodiversity through scientific research, including water quality studies.<ref name="Note"/>

=== Ecotourism ===
Access to the park and tourist activity are strictly regulated, so this aspect of the park's mandate aims to develop ecotourism and ensure that any tourism is sustainable and respectful of the marine environment.<ref name="Note"/>

== Governance ==
The park is governed by a management board consisting of 20 appointed members: five representatives of the French state, seven qualified experts, three representatives of environmental protection organizations, four representatives of professional organizations, and the president of the board of Mayotte Marine Natural Park.<ref name="Note"/> The board is currently led by  Bernard Cressens.<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=BERNARD CRESSENS - Président du Comité français de l'UICN|url=https://climaxfestival.fr/project/bernard-cressens/|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=2021-01-11|website=Climax Festival|language=fr-FR}}</ref> The administration has agreed with Mayotte to some joint management actions.<ref name="Profiles"/>{{rp|53}}

== References ==
<references />

==External links==
* [https://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/jorf/id/JORFTEXT000025395053/ Law creating the Glorioso Islands Marine Natural Park]
* [https://www.afbiodiversite.fr/sites/default/files/2017-12/PNMG_cdg_2015_05_APP_Glorieuses_suite_CDG_publi%C3%A9_le_21_07_2015.pdf Management Council Meeting of 17 June 2015] (in French)
* [https://ofb.gouv.fr/sites/default/files/2018-06/PNMG_2018_08_APPROBATION%20PGM%202018.pdf Management Council Meeting of 25 April 2018] (in French)
* [https://www.afbiodiversite.fr/sites/default/files/2019-04/PNMG_del_cg_%202019_01%20approbation_RD_30%2010%202018.pdf Management Council Meeting of 4 March 2019] (in French)

<nowiki>[[Category:IUCN Category V]]
[[Category:Marine parks of France]]
[[Category:Protected areas of Overseas France]]
[[Category:Marine reserves]]
[[Category:Protected areas established in 2012]]
[[Category:Glorioso Islands]]</nowiki>