Quelltext der Seite Benutzer:Shi Annan/Government of Barbados

{{Importartikel}} 
{{short description|National government}}
{{Infobox government
| government_name = Government of Barbados
| government_form = [[Parliamentary republic|Parliamentary Republic]]
| image           = Coat of arms of Barbados.svg
| image_size      = 160px
| caption         = [[Coat of arms of Barbados]]
| date            = {{nowrap|{{Start date and age|1966|11|30|df=y}}}}
| date_end        = 
| document_type   = Founding document
| document        = [[Constitution of Barbados]]
| country         = [[Barbados]]
| url             = {{url|https://www.gov.bb}}
| branch1         = Office of the President
| branch1_label1  = Head of State 
| branch1_data1   = [[President of Barbados]]
| branch1_label3  = Seat
| branch1_data3   = [[State House, Barbados|State House]]
| legislature     = [[Parliament of Barbados|Parliament]]
{{Bulleted list
| [[House of Assembly (Barbados)|House of Assembly]]
| [[Senate (Barbados)|Senate]]
}}
| meeting_place   = [[Parliament Buildings (Barbados)|Parliament Buildings]]
| branch3         = Executive branch
| leader_type     = Head of Government
| leader_title    = [[Prime Minister of Barbados]]
| main_body       = 
| leader_type2    = 
| leader_title2   = <!-- title of 2nd head of govt -->
| appointed       = [[President of Barbados]]
| headquarters    = [[Ilaro Court]]
| main_organ      = [[Cabinet of Barbados]]
| departments     = 19 Ministries 
| branch4         = Judicial branch
| court           = [[Supreme Court of Barbados]]
| seat            = [[Supreme Court of Barbados Complex]]
}}

{{Politics of Barbados}}

The '''Government of Barbados''' (GoB), is a [[Unitary state|unitary]] [[Parliamentary system|parliamentary]] [[republic]], where the [[President of Barbados]] represents as the head of state and the [[Prime Minister of Barbados]] represents as the head of government.

==Structure==
[[File:Simplification of govt structure of Barbados(Republic).png|alt=Simplification of govt structure of Barbados(Republic)|thumb|right|300px|Simplification of the government structure of Barbados]]
The country has a [[bicameral]] legislature and a political party system, based on universal adult suffrage and fair elections. The [[Senate (Barbados)|Senate]] has 21 members, appointed by the President, 12 on the advice of the Prime Minister, two on the advice of the Leader of the Opposition, and seven at the President's sole discretion. The [[House of Assembly (Barbados)|House of Assembly]] has 30 members, all elected. Both houses debate all legislation. However, the House of Assembly may override Senate's rejection of money bills and other bills except bills amending the Constitution.

Officers of each house (President and Deputy President of the Senate; Speaker, Deputy Speaker, and Chairman of Committees of the Assembly) are elected from the members of the respective houses.

In keeping with the [[Westminster system]] of governance, [[Barbados]] has evolved into an independent [[parliamentary democracy]], meaning that all [[political power]] rests with the Parliament under a non-political President as head of state. Executive authority is vested in the President, who normally acts only on the advice of the Prime Minister and Cabinet, who are collectively responsible to Parliament.{{cite web|url=https://www.barbadosparliament.com/uploads/bill_resolution/56f53e308108b4b315d1b367c2914f7a.pdf|title=Constitution (Amendment) (No. 2) Act, 2021|date=2021|publisher=[[Parliament of Barbados]]|accessdate=29 October 2021|ref={{sfnref|Constitution Amendment Act|2021}}}} Barbadian law is rooted in [[English law|English common law]], and the [[Constitution of Barbados]] implemented in 1966, is the supreme [[law of the land]].

Fundamental rights and freedoms of the individual are set out in the Constitution and are protected by a strict legal code.

The [[Cabinet (Barbados)|Cabinet]] is headed by the [[Prime Minister of Barbados|Prime Minister]], who must be an elected member of Parliament, and other ministers are appointed from either chamber by the President, as advised by the Prime Minister.
[[File:Barbadian Prime Minister's Office.jpg|300px|thumb|Office of the Prime Minister of Barbados on Bay Street, Bridgetown, Barbados. (c.a. November 2000)]]

The President appoints as Leader of the Opposition the member of House of Assembly who commands the support of the largest number of members of that House in opposition to the ruling party's government.

The maximum duration of a Parliament is five years from the first sitting. There is a simultaneous dissolution of both Houses of Parliament by the President, acting on the advice of the Prime Minister.

There is an established non-political [[civil service]]. Also, there are separate constitutional commissions for the Judicial and Legal Service, the Public Service, and the Police Service.

==History==
{{Main|Elections in Barbados}}
The government has been chosen by elections since [[Barbadian general election, 1961|1961 elections]], when Barbados achieved full [[Self-governing colony|self-governance]]. Before then, the government was a [[Crown colony]] consisting of either colonial administration solely (such as the [[Executive Council (Commonwealth countries)|Executive Council]]), or a mixture of colonial rule and a partially elected assembly, such as the [[Legislative Council of Barbados|Legislative Council]].

Between 1966 and 2021, the head of state of Barbados was the [[Monarchy of Barbados]] represented by the [[Governor-General of Barbados]] as its representative. After decades of [[Republicanism in Barbados|republicanism]], the monarchy was [[Abolition of monarchy|abolished]] and replaced with a new head of state office, the President of Barbados, on 30 November 2021. 

Since independence the [[Democratic Labour Party (Barbados)|Democratic Labour Party]] (DLP) held office 1966 to 1976, from 1986 to 1994, and from January 2008 to 2018. The [[Barbados Labour Party]] (BLP) governed from 1976 to 1986, from September 1994–2008 and has formed the government from 2018–Present.

== Executive branch ==
The Executive Branch of government conducts the ordinary business of government. These functions are called out by the Prime Minister and cabinet ministers. The prime minister chooses the ministers of government they wish to have in the cabinet but they are actually appointed by the President.
*Heads of State
** President
*Head of Government
** Prime Minister
** Attorney General's
** Ministers

{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Office 
!Office Holder
!Constituency
!Political Party
|-
|Prime Minister<br />Minister of Finance and Economic Affairs, with responsibility for Culture, Security, Public Service, Caricom and Development Commissions
|[[Mia Mottley]]
|St. Michael North East
| rowspan=21 style="background:{{party color|Barbados Labour Party}};"|[[Barbados Labour Party]]
|-
|Deputy Prime Minister<br />Senior Minister<br />Minister of Transport, Works and Water Resources
|[[Santia Bradshaw|Sanita Bradshaw]]
|St. Michael South East
|-
|Attorney General and Minister of Legal Affairs<br />Senior Minister Governance
|[[Dale Marshall (politician)|Dale Marshall]]
|St. Joseph
|-
|Minister of Energy and Business Development<br />Senior Minister
|Kerrie Symmonds
|St. James Central
|-
|Minister of Foreign Affairs and Foreign Trade<br />Senior Minister, Social and Environmental Policy
|[[Jerome Walcott]]
|N/A (Senator)
|-
|Senior Minister in the Prime Minister's Office, with responsibility for Infrastructure and Town Planning Matters
|William Duguid
|Christ Church West
|-
|Minister of Homes Affairs and Information
|Wilfred Abrahams
|Christ Church East
|-
|Minister of Agriculture, Food and Nutrition Security
|Indar Weir
|St. Philip South
|-
|Minister of Tourism and International Transport
|Ian Gooding Edghill
|St. Michael West Central
|-
|Minister for the Public Service, Home Affairs, Labour and Gender Affairs
|Lisa Cummings
|N/A (Senator)
|-
|Minister of Education, Technological and Vocational Training
|Kay McConney
|St. Philip West
|-
|Minister of Housing, lands and Maintenance
|Dwight Sutherland
|St. George South
|-

|Minister of People Empowerment and Elder Affairs
|Kirk Humphrey
|St. Michael South
|-
|Minister of the Environment and National Beautification and Blue Economy
|Adrian Forde
|Christ Church West Central
|-
|Minister of Labour, Social Security and Third Sector
|Colin Jordan
|St. Peter
|-
|Minister of Industry, Innovation, Science and Technology
|Davidson Ishmael
|St. Michael North
|-
|Minister of Youth, Sports and Community Empowerment
|Charles Griffith
|St. John
|-
|Minister in the Ministry of Finance and Economic Development
|Ryan Straughn
|Christ Church East Central
|-
|Minister in the Office of the Prime Minister
|Chantal Munroe Knight
|N/A (Senator)
|-
|Minister of State in the Ministry of Health and Wellness
|[[Sonia Browne]]
|St. Philip North
|-
|Minister of State in the Ministry of Foreign Trade and Ministry of Business Development
|Sandra Husbands
|St. James South
|}
Source: [https://stluciatimes.com/barbados-prime-minister-names-new-cabinet/ St.Lucia Times]
{| class="wikitable"
|+Parliamentary Secretaries
!Office
!Office Holder
!Constituency
!Political party
|-
|Parliamentary Secretary in the Ministry of Transport, Works and Water Resources, with responsibility for Water Resources
|Rommel Springer
|St. Andrew
|rowspan="2"style="background:{{party color|Barbados Labour Party}};"|[[Barbados Labour Party]]
|-
|Parliamentary Secretary in the Ministry of People Empowerment and Elder Affairs
|Corey Layne
|City of Bridgetown
|}
Source:  [https://stluciatimes.com/barbados-prime-minister-names-new-cabinet/ St.Lucia Times]

{| class="wikitable"
|+Permanent Secretaries
!Ministerial Office
!Position
!Office Holder
|-
|[[Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Foreign Trade and International Business (Barbados)|Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Foreign Trade]]
|HEAD OF THE PUBLIC SERVICE, DIRECTOR-GENERAL OF FOREIGN TRADE
|Louis Woodroffe
|-
|Prime Minister's Office
|PERMANENT SECRETARY  
|Ms. Alies Jordan
|-
|Ministry of the Public Service
|DIRECTOR GENERAL (HUMAN RESOURCES)
|Ms. Gail Atkins
|-
|[[Ministry of Finance, Economic Affairs and Investment (Bardados)|Ministry of Finance, Economic Affairs and Investment]]
|PERMANENT SECRETARY
|Ms. Nancy Headley 
|-
|[[Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Foreign Trade and International Business (Barbados)|Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Foreign Trade]]
|PERMANENT SECRETARY
|Ms. Simone Rudder
|-
|Office of the Attorney General and Ministry of Legal Affairs
|PERMANENT SECRETARY
|Ms. Yvette Goddard
|-
|Ministry of Education, Technological and Vocational Training
|PERMANENT SECRETARY
|Ms. Betty Alleyne Headley 
|-
|Ministry of Home Affairs
|PERMANENT SECRETARY
|Ms. Deborah Payne
|-
|[[Ministry of Health and Wellness (Barbados)|Ministry of Health & Wellness]]
|PERMANENT SECRETARY
|Ms. Janet Philips
|-
|Ministry of Agriculture and Food Security
|PERMANENT SECRETARY 
|Mr. Terry Bascombe
|-
|[[Ministry of Labour (Barbados)|Ministry of Labour and Social Partnership Relations]]
|PERMANENT SECRETARY
|Dr. Karen Best
|-
|Ministry of Housing, Lands and Rural Development
|PERMANENT SECRETARY
|Mr. Timothy Maynard
|-
|Ministry of International Business and Industry
|PERMANENT SECRETARY
|Ms. June Chandler 
|-
|National Insurance Department
|DIRECTOR 
|Ms. Jennifer Hunte 
|-
|Ministry of Tourism and International Transport
|PERMANENT SECRETARY
|Ms. Donna Cadogan
|-
|Ministry of Youth and Community Empowerment
|PERMANENT SECRETARY
|Ms. Yolande Howard
|-
|Ministry of People Empowerment and Elder Affairs
|PERMANENT SECRETARY
|Ms. Gabrielle Springer
|-
|Ministry of Energy, Small Business and Entrepreneurship
|PERMANENT SECRETARY (SPECIAL ASSIGNMENTS)
|Mr. Andrew Gittens
|-
|Ministry of Environment and National Beautification 
|PERMANENT SECRETARY
|Ms. Daphne Kellman
|-
|-
|Ministry of Energy, Small Business and Entrepreneurship
|PERMANENT SECRETARY (SMALL
BUSINESS AND ENTREPRENEURSHIP)
|Ms. Francine Blackman 
|-
|Ministry of Transport, Works and Maintenance
|PERMANENT SECRETARY
|Mr. Mark Cummins 
|-
|Prime Minister's Office
|PERMANENT SECRETARY (CULTURE)
|Mr. Jehu Wiltshire 
|-
|Ministry of Maritime Affairs and the Blue Economy
|PERMANENT SECRETARY 
|Ms. Sonia Foster
|-
|Ministry of Innovation, Science and Smart Technology
|PERMANENT SECRETARY 
|Mr. Charley Browne 
|-
|Ministry of Information, Broadcasting and Public Affairs
|PERMANENT SECRETARY
|Ms. Sandra Phillips
|-
|Cabinet Office
|CABINET SECRETARY
|Mrs. Cecile Humphrey
|-
| Ministry of Energy, Small Business and Entrepreneurship
|PERMANENT SECRETARY (Small Business and Entrepreneurship)
|Mr. Esworth Reid
|}
Source:  [https://gisbarbados.gov.bb/download/list-of-permanent-secretaries-october-28-2020/ BGIS]

== Legislative Branch ==
Under Barbados' version of the [[Westminster system]] of government, the executive and legislative branches are partly intertwined.
The only official Cabinet office (other than Prime Minister) expressly mentioned in the Constitution of Barbados is Office of the Attorney-General.
* President
* Chief Secretaries (Abolished)
* Auditors-General
* Senators
** Presidents of the Senate
* Members of the House ( a/k/a Members of Parliament)
** Speakers of the House of Assembly
* Clerks of Parliament

=== Law ===
The [[Constitution of Barbados]] is the supreme law of the nation.<ref>[http://pdba.georgetown.edu/Constitutions/Barbados/barbados66.html The official Constitution of Barbados] (1966) version.</ref> The Attorney General heads the independent [[judiciary]]. Historically, Barbadian law was based entirely on [[English common law]] with a few local adaptations. At the time of independence, the [[Parliament of the United Kingdom]] lost its ability to legislate for Barbados, but the existing English and British common law and statutes in force at that time, together with other measures already adopted by the [[Barbadian Parliament]], became the basis of the new country's legal system.

Legislation may be shaped or influenced by such organisations as the United Nations, the [[Organization of American States]], or other international bodies to which Barbados has obligatory commitments by treaty. Additionally, through international co-operation, other institutions may supply the Barbados Parliament with key sample legislation to be adapted to meet local circumstances before enacting it as local law.

New acts are passed by the Barbadian Parliament and require approval by the President to become law. The President, has the power to "withhold assent" from laws by vetoing the proposed law without parliamentary override.<ref>[[Constitution of Barbados]], Section 58(3)</ref>

==Judicial branch ==
{{main|Judiciary of Barbados}}

The judiciary is the legal system through which punishments are handed out to individuals who break the law. The functions of the judiciary are to enforce laws; to interpret laws; to conduct court hearings; to hear court appeals.<ref>{{Cite web|title=About the Judicial System {{!}} Barbados Judicial System|url=https://www.barbadoslawcourts.gov.bb/about-the-judicial-system/|access-date=2021-01-10|language=en-US}}</ref>

The local court system of Barbados is made up of:
*Magistrates' Courts: Covering Criminal, Civil, Domestic, Domestic Violence, and Juvenile matters. But can also take up matters dealing with Coroner's Inquests, Liquor Licences, and civil marriages. Further, the Magistrates' Courts deal with Contract and Tort law where claims do not exceed $10,000.00.<ref name="court">{{cite web |url=http://www.lawcourts.gov.bb/Aboutus.html |title=Law Courts of Barbados |publisher=Lawcourts.gov.bb |access-date=4 July 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090815015349/http://www.lawcourts.gov.bb/Aboutus.html |archive-date=15 August 2009 }}</ref>
*The [[Supreme Court of Barbados|Supreme Court]]: is made up of High Court and Court of Appeals.<ref name="court" />
**High Court: Consisting of Civil, Criminal, and Family law divisions.
**Court of Appeal: Handles appeals from the High Court and Magistrates' Court. It hears appeals in both the civil, and criminal law jurisdictions. It may consist of a single Justice of Appeal sitting in Chambers; or may sit as a Full Court of three Justices of Appeals.
*The [[Caribbean Court of Justice]] (CCJ), (based in [[Port of Spain]], Trinidad and Tobago), is the court of last resort (final jurisdiction) over Barbadian law. It replaced the London-based [[Judicial Committee of the Privy Council]] (JCPC). The CCJ may resolve other disputed matters dealing with the [[CARICOM Single Market and Economy|Caribbean Single Market and Economy]] (CSME).
* Chief Justices
** Justices of Appeals
** Magistrates

==Perception==
[[Transparency International]] ranked Barbados as 29th place (of 180) in the world on its [[Corruption Perceptions Index]] in 2021, being the least corrupt country in the Caribbean.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-01-26 |title=Barbados maintains strong ranking in Corruption Perception Index |url=https://barbadostoday.bb/?p=366154 |access-date=2022-03-08 |website=Barbados Today |language=en-US}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Politics of Barbados]]
* [[Monarchy of Barbados]]
* [[Parliament of Barbados]]
* [[Prime Minister of Barbados]]
* [[Cabinet of Barbados]]
* [[List of government budgets by country]]
* [[List of countries by tax revenue as percentage of GDP]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Further reading==
*{{cite book |last1=Dupont |first1=Jerry |title=The common law abroad: constitutional and legal legacy of the British empire|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pCX660FA5wMC&pg=PA199 |access-date=5 January 2010 |year=2001 |publisher=William S. Hein & Co., Inc. |isbn=0-8377-3125-9 |pages=199–206}}

==Gallery==
<gallery>
File:Barbadian Prime Minister's Office.jpg|Office of the Prime Minister
File:Government Headquarters2 (Cabinet Office), Barbados.jpg|The Cabinet Office in the Government Headquarters complex 
File:Government Headquarters (Cabinet Office), Barbados.jpg|Main entrance to the Government Headquarters complex, with a statue of Sir Grantley Adams in the foreground
</gallery>

== External links ==
*{{curlie|Regional/Caribbean/Barbados/Government}}
* [http://www.gov.bb/ Barbadian Government Website]
* [http://www.photius.com/countries/barbados/government/system.html The Barbados Governmental System], Photius Coutsoukis
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110706132317/http://www.gov.bb/portal/page/portal/GISMEDIA%20CENTRENEWS%20MANAGEMENT/News%20Archive/Correct%20Forms%20Of%20Address%20Of%20Officials Barbados Government statement on the proper titles for members of Government]
*[http://www.ssa.gov/policy/docs/progdesc/ssptw/2002-2003/americas/barbados.html Social Security provided by the Government of Barbados]
*[http://www.lexadin.nl/wlg/legis/nofr/oeur/lxwebar.htm Laws of Barbados], The World Law Guide
*[http://www.wipo.int/wipolex/en/profile.jsp?code=BB Laws of Barbados], The World Intellectual Property Organization

{{Barbados topics}}
{{Americas topic|Government of|title=Governments of The Americas}}

{{authority control}}

<nowiki>{{DEFAULTSORT:Government Of Barbados}}
[[Category:Government of Barbados| ]]
[[Category:Executive branches of government|Barbados]]
[[Category:Government ministries of Barbados| ]]
[[Category:Barbados politics-related lists]]</nowiki>