Quelltext der Seite Benutzer:Cú Faoil/Couto Misto

{{copy edit|date=August 2016}}
{{Infobox Former Country
|native_name = ''Couto Misto''
|conventional_long_name = 
|common_name = Couto Mixto
|continent      = Europe
|status         =[[Microstate]]
|government_type= [[Popular assembly]]
|year_start = 10th century
|year_end = 1868
|event_start= Foundation
|date_start= 
|event_end= Formal [[annexation]]
|date_end = June 23
|event_pre = 
|date_pre = 
|event2      = [[Treaty of Lisbon (1864)|Partitioned]]
|date_event2 = September 29, 1864
|p1 = Kingdom of Galicia
|flag_p1 = Bandeirareinogaliza.svg
|s1 = History of Spain (1814–73)
|flag_s1 = Flag of Spain (1785-1873 and 1875-1931).svg
|s2 = Kingdom of Portugal
|flag_s2 = Flag Portugal (1830).svg
|image_flag = Flag of the Couto Misto.svg
|symbol      = 
|symbol_type = 
|image_map  = Coutomixto4.jpg
|image_map_caption = Map of the Couto Misto
|capital          = [[Santiago de Rubiás]]
|largest_city     = 
|national_motto = {{lang|la|''"Tres Unum Sunt"''}}{{spaces|2}}<small>([[Latin]])<br />"Three are One"</small>
|national_anthem  = 
|common_languages = [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]], [[Spanish language|Spanish]],  [[Galician language|Galician]] 
|religion         = Roman Catholic
|currency         = 
|
|<!--- Titles and names of the first and last leaders and their deputies --->
|leader1      = [[Delfim Modesto Brandão]]<sup>1</sup>
|year_leader1 = ca 1860
|title_leader = Judge
|deputy1      = 
|year_deputy1 = 
|title_deputy = 
|leader2      = 
|year_leader2 = 
|deputy2      = 
|year_deputy2 = 
|
|<!--- Area and population of a given year --->
|stat_year1 = 1845
|stat_area1 = 27
|stat_pop1  = 800
|stat_year2 = 2011
|stat_area2 = 
|stat_pop2  = 290
|category=
|today = {{Flag|Portugal}}<br/>{{Flag|Spain}}
|footnotes    = <sup>1</sup>Delfim Modesto Brandão (born in [[Tourém]] in 1835), was the second to last head of state, taking office in January 1863, according to his memoirs, and followed by one last "Juiz" whose mandate ceased with the partition and annexation of the territory.<ref>{{cite book |title=Interesante Historieta del Coto Mixto |last=Modesto Brandon |first=Delfin |authorlink=Delfim Modesto Brandão |year=1907 |publisher=Tierra Gallega |location=Coruña |page=21 |url= }}</ref>
}}

'''Couto Misto''' ({{lang-pt|Couto Misto}} {{IPA-pt|ˈko(w)tu ˈmiʃtu|}}, {{lang-gl|Couto Mixto}}, {{lang-es|Coto Mixto}}) was an independent [[microstate]] on the border between Spain and Portugal. It was composed of the villages of [[Santiago de Rubiás]], [[Rubiás]] (now in the Spanish municipality of [[Calvos de Randín]]), and [[Meaus]] (now in the Spanish municipality of [[Baltar, Ourense|Baltar]]), all located in the [[Salas (Galiza)|Salas]] Valley, [[Ourense (province)|Ourense]], [[Galicia (Spain)|Galicia]]. The territory of the Couto Misto also included a small uninhabited strip now part of the Portuguese municipality of [[Montalegre]].

As a result of complex medieval [[manorialism|manorial]] relations, this land eluded both Portuguese and Spanish control for centuries, actually operating as a [[sovereign state]] of its own right until the [[Treaty of Lisbon (1864)|1864 Treaty of Lisbon]] that partitioned the territory between Spain (which annexed most of the land including the three villages) and Portugal (which remained with a smaller uninhabited strip of land). As a ''[[de facto]]'' independent country, the inhabitants of the Couto Misto had numerous privileges, including exemption from military service and taxes, and could grant [[Right of Asylum|asylum]] to outsiders and deny access to any foreign military contingent.

==Origins==

Even though the origins of the Couto Misto remain unclear, the name of this territory is greatly revealing. The term ''couto'' (''coto'' in Spanish) comes from the Latin ''cautes''/''cautum'', which refers generally to an area demarcated with boundary stones (''cautos lapideos'').<ref>{{cite book |title= Los petroglifos de término y las insculturas rupestres de Galicia |last=Ferro Couselo |first=Jesús |year=1952 |publisher= Talleres gráficos de Miguel López Elizalde |location=Ourense  |page=43 |url= }}</ref> According to Ferro Couselo, the term initially referred to the stones used to mark the boundaries of a given  territory, but in the Middle Ages it was used to refer to a special set of territories which under the feudal system were exempt from the authority of the King holding a special economical, political and judicial regime.<ref>{{cite book |title= Los petroglifos de término y las insculturas rupestres de Galicia |last=Ferro Couselo |first=Jesús |year=1952 |publisher= Talleres gráficos de Miguel López Elizalde |location=Ourense  |page=53 |url= }}</ref> The special jurisdiction of the ''coutos'' was maintained through custom and given privileges, sustaining truly independent States within its boundaries that were defended by guards (''couteiros'').<ref>{{cite book |title= Los petroglifos de término y las insculturas rupestres de Galicia |last=Ferro Couselo |first=Jesús |year=1952 |publisher= Talleres gráficos de Miguel López Elizalde |location=Ourense |pages=60–61 |url= }}</ref>

The adjective ''misto'', meaning "mixed" or "joint", probably refers to the dual [[manorialism|manorial]] links of this territory with the feudal lords from the [[House of Braganza|Duchy of Braganza]] and the earldom of Monte-Rei. Another interpretation, sustained by oral traditions and some medieval documents (where the terms ''mystigos'' or ''místicos'' are used, meaning "mystical"), links the origin of the Couto with a myth of a pregnant fugitive princess, allegedly (Saint) Ilduaria Eriz, who found refuge in the villages of this territory and who was to give birth to [[Rudesind|(Saint) Rudesind Guterri]], granting privileges to its inhabitants in gratitude.<ref>[http://www.congreso.es/portal/page/portal/Congreso/Congreso/Intervenciones/Busqueda%20avanzada?_piref73_2554049_73_1335423_1335423.next_page=/wc/enviarCgiBuscadorAvIntervenciones Proposición no de Ley relativa al reconocimiento de la singularidad del Couto Mixto como enclave Histórico-Cultural (162/000507)], ''Diario de Sesiones del Congreso de los Diputados'', n.º 257 (2007), p. 12883</ref> This explanation may well be based on historical facts, as Ilduaria Eriz, one of the most important [[Galicia (Spain)|Galician]] aristocrats in the 9th and 10th centuries, had the regions of [[A Limia|Limia]], where the Couto is located, and what today is northern Portugal under her domains. More so, the birth of Rudesind has actually been placed in the [[Salas River, Galiza|Salas]] Valley <ref>{{cite book |title= Ilduara, una aristócrata del siglo X |last=Pallares Méndez |first=María del Carmen |year=2004 |publisher= Edicións do Castro |location=Sada}}; {{cite book |title= A Gran Historia de Galicia IV, vol. 2 |year=2007 |publisher= La Voz de Galicia |location=Corunha |page=95}}</ref>

Several historians have placed the origins of the Couto in the same period of the emergence of the Kingdom of Portugal, somewhere around the 12th century, which is supported by documents that date back to the early 14th century.<ref>{{cite book |title=Couto Mixto. Unha república esquecida |last=García Mañá |first=Luis Manuel |year=2000 |publisher=Universidade de Vigo |location=Vigo |pages=36–37 |url= }}</ref> Initially the Couto was under the jurisdiction of the [[Piconha Castle]] (originally Portuguese but now within Spanish territory) but it eventually became tied to the noble houses of [[House of Braganza|Braganza]] and Monte-Rei.<ref>{{cite book |title=Couto Mixto. Unha república esquecida |last=García Mañá |first=Luis Manuel |year=2000 |publisher=Universidade de Vigo |location=Vigo |pages=40–49 |url= }}</ref> With the extinction of ''coutos'' in Portugal, initiated in 1692 and concluded in 1790, the Couto Misto was freed from its feudal ties functioning as a ''[[de facto]]'' independent state up to its partition and annexation in 1868.

==Privileges of Couto Mixto==
*Nationality
*Taxes
*Military service
*Right to bear arms
*Official stamps
*Self-government
*Right of asylum
*Fairs and markets
*Road right-of-way
*Crops

==Current status==
[[File:Couto Misto.JPG|thumb|right|300px|Commemorative plaque on the church of Santiago de Rubiás]]
As the three villages of the Couto Misto are currently separated in two different municipalities, the main reminiscense of the Couto Misto in the area are the [[Common land]] Community Trusts that continue to function in each of the villages under the old system of [[popular assembly]]. All three [[Commons]] trusts were established in 1976, and incorporate {{convert|654|ha|km2}} for [[Rubiás]], {{convert|452|ha|km2}} for [[Santiago de Rubiás]] and {{convert|311|ha|km2}} for [[Meaus]].<ref>[http://www.medioruralemar.xunta.es/mvmc/arquivos/cficha/32/1383_cficha.pdf File of the Rubiás Commons]; [http://www.medioruralemar.xunta.es/mvmc/arquivos/cficha/32/1384_cficha.pdf File of the Santiago Commons]; [http://www.medioruralemar.xunta.es/mvmc/arquivos/cficha/32/1246_cficha.pdf File of the Meaus Commons]</ref> All together, the commons land represents most of the Couto Misto's territory. The trusts also maintain the claim of rights of common over the strip of land formerly part of the Couto Misto and now part of the Portuguese municipality of [[Montalegre]]. A complex legal case over a wind farm at the disputed strip was settled with [[Enersis]], a multinational electric power corporation, with a compensation of €140,000 toward the trusts.<ref>[http://www.diariodetrasosmontes.com/noticias/complecta.php3?id=275 "Aumenta o conflito com os galegos", in Diário de Trás-os-Montes]; [http://www.orgaccmm.org/xTEIMAS/TEIM-21_EOLICO/TEIM-213_CMVMC/ALMACEN/teimX-213a.htm "La empresa del parque eólico sella la paz con los comuneros de Calvos con 140 mil euros", in ORGACCMM]</ref> Income from the Common land trusts has had significant importance in community development over the past decades.

Outside interest for the Couto re-emerged in the mid-1990s, leading to new research and subsequent academic publications.<ref>Among them: {{cite book |title=O Couto Mixto o seu entorno arraiano e os Pobos Promiscuos |last=Salinas Valencia |first=Máximo |year=2009 |publisher=Asociación de Amigos do Couto Mixto |location=Vigo |url=http://www.galeguizargalicia.com/?sec=54&id_articulo=70&estilo=1}}; {{cite book |title=Couto Mixto. Unha república esquecida |last=García Mañá |first=Luis Manuel |year=2000 |publisher=Universidade de Vigo |location=Vigo |url=http://www.galeguizargalicia.com/?sec=54&id_articulo=53&estilo=1}}; {{cite book |title=Artistas no Couto Mixto: lugares da memoria |last=Centro Cultural Deputación Ourense |year=2002 |publisher=Deputación Provincial |location=Ourense }}; {{cite book |title=Afinidades lingüísticas galego-portuguesas no couto mixto e na fronteira de Ourense |last=González González|first=Manuel |last2=Taboada Cid |first2=Manuel |year=2002 |publisher=Fundación Premios da Crítica de Galicia |location=Corunha }}; {{cite book |title=La frontera hispano-lusa en la provincia de Ourense (Anexo 11, Boletín Auriense) |last=García Mañá |first=Luis Manuel |year=1988 |publisher=Museo Arqueolóxico Provincial |location=Ourense|url= }}; López Mira, Álvaro Xosé (2008). "O Couto Mixto: Autogoberno, fronteiras e soberanías distantes," in ''Madrygal'', 11: 35-39; Rodríguez Cruz, José (2006). "O Couto Mixto. Lendas de tradición Oral," in ''Lethes'', 7: 28-33; Hernández Figueirido, José Ramón (2006). "Couto Mixto, poboacións promiscuas e xeografía ecleasiástica," in ''Lethes'', 7: 34-48; López Mira, Álvaro Xosé (2005). "A crise do estado en zonas fronteirizas: estudo de caso do Couto Mixto como modelo sociopolítico alternativo ao estado," in Pereira Menaut, Antonio Carlos and Rojo Salgado, Arjimiro, Eds., ''Multiconstitucionalismo e multigoberno: Estados e rexións na Unión Europea''. Santiago de Compostela: Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, pp.&nbsp;177–184; Campos, Xosé Maria (2003). "O Couto Misto: a que puido ser a Andorra Galega," in ''Alborada'', December 2003: 48-49; Seara, Eliseu (2002). "O Couto Misto de Rubiás," in ''Revista Aqvae Flaviae'', 28: pp.&nbsp;41–70; Ledo Cabido, Bieito, Ed. (2002). "Couto Mixto," in ''Enciclopedia Galega Universal''. Vigo: Ir Indo [http://www.egu.es/egu/Html/index.php?op=ver&id=41026]; López Mira, Álvaro Xosé (2001). "O dereito de participación política dos cidadáns do Couto Mixto," in ''Grial'', 152: 575-579; García Mañá, Luís Manuel  (2001). "Couto Mixto, unha república esquecida," in ''Tempo Exterior'', 3 [http://www.igadi.org/arquivo/te_se03/couto_mixto_unha_republica_esquecida.htm]; Morais, Maria João Moreira de (2000). "Os povos promsíscuos e o Couto Misto na raia transmontana/ourensana," in Kremer, Dieter, Ed., ''Actas do VI Congreso Internacional de Estudos Galegos''. Trier: Universität Trier, pp.&nbsp;861–867.</ref> A joint summer program was organized by the [[University of Vigo]] and the [[University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro]] in 1999 focusing on the history of the Couto. In 1998 the nonprofit Couto Misto Friendship Association (''Asociación de Amigos do Couto Mixto'') was established, followed in 2003 by the Couto Misto Community Association (''Asociación de Veciños do Couto Mixto'').<ref>[http://www.galeguizargalicia.com/?partner=3&estilo=1/ Asociación de Amigos do Couto Mixto]; [http://www.coutomixto.org/ Asociación de Veciños do Couto Mixto]</ref> Both organizations have reestablished the figure of the ''[[Homens de Acordo]]'', with one person representing each of the villages, and also that of the ''Juiz Honorário'' (Honorary Judge) which is named each year in a ceremony held in the church of Santiago. The [[Chest of the Three Keys]] has also been restored with each of the keys being kept under the custody of the current ''[[Homens de Acordo]]''.

Political moves regarding the Couto Misto have led to debates and resolutions in the Galician, Spanish and European Parliaments. In May 2007, a motion (''Proposición no de ley'') was discussed and approved (with 303 votes in favour) by the [[Cortes Generales|Spanish Parliament]] recognizing the singularity of the Couto Mixto as a historical and cultural enclave and calling for measures that allow for the social and economical development of the territory.<ref>[http://www.congreso.es/portal/page/portal/Congreso/Congreso/Intervenciones/Busqueda%20avanzada?_piref73_2554049_73_1335423_1335423.next_page=/wc/enviarCgiBuscadorAvIntervenciones Proposición no de Ley relativa al reconocimiento de la singularidad del Couto Mixto como enclave Histórico-Cultural (162/000507)]</ref> At the same time a similar motion was approved by the [[Parliament of Galicia|Galician Parliament]], also recognizing the historical singularity of the Couto.<ref>[http://www.parlamentodegalicia.es/sites/ParlamentoGalicia/BibliotecaBoletinsOficiais/B70369.pdf Proposición non de lei sobre a divulgación do valor histórico e o desenvolvemento cultural e social do Couto Mixto (07/PNP-0335/20500)]</ref> In 2008, a written question was presented at the [[European Parliament]] regarding the European Union's contribution to the revival of the Couto Mixto, defined as an "institution which was politically and administratively independent of the Spanish and Portuguese crowns".<ref>[http://www.europarl.europa.eu/sides/getDoc.do?pubRef=-//EP//TEXT+WQ+E-2008-1526+0+DOC+XML+V0//EN European Parliament Question on the EU contribution to the revival of the Couto Mixto]</ref> In 2016, a request was made for the inhabitants of the Couto be granted Portuguese and Spanish [[dual citizenship]] following the previous case of [[Olivenza]].<ref>http://www.galiciaconfidencial.com/noticia/29084-piden-vecinos-couto-mixto-tenan-nacionalidade-espanola-portuguesa</ref>

==See also==
*[[Delfim Modesto Brandão]]
*[[Flag of the Couto Misto]]
*[[List of historical unrecognized states]]
*[[Microstate]]

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

==Further reading==
'''Books'''
* {{cite book |title=O Couto Mixto o seu entorno arraiano e os Pobos Promiscuos |last=Salinas Valencia |first=Máximo |year=2009 |publisher=Asociación de Amigos do Couto Mixto |location=Vigo |url=http://www.galeguizargalicia.com/?sec=54&id_articulo=70&estilo=1}}
* {{cite book |title=Couto Mixto. Unha república esquecida |last=García Mañá |first=Luis Manuel |year=2000 |publisher=Universidade de Vigo |location=Vigo |url=http://www.galeguizargalicia.com/?sec=54&id_articulo=53&estilo=1}}
* {{cite book |title=Artistas no Couto Mixto: lugares da memoria |last=Centro Cultural Deputación Ourense |year=2002 |publisher=Deputación Provincial |location=Ourense }}
* {{cite book |title=Afinidades lingüísticas galego-portuguesas no couto mixto e na fronteira de Ourense |last=González González|first=Manuel |last2=Taboada Cid |first2=Manuel |year=2002 |publisher=Fundación Premios da Crítica de Galicia |location=Corunha }}
* {{cite book |title=La frontera hispano-lusa en la provincia de Ourense (Anexo 11, Boletín Auriense) |last=García Mañá |first=Luis Manuel |year=1988 |publisher=Museo Arqueolóxico Provincial |location=Ourense|url= }}
* {{cite book |title=Montalegre e Terras de Barroso |last=Costa |first=João Gonçalves da |year=1984 |publisher=Câmara Municipal de Montalegre |location=Montalegre  |url= }}
* {{cite book |title=Povoações mistas da raia transmontana-galaica segundo o inquérito de 1876 |last=Santos Júnior |first=Joaquim Rodrigues dos |year=1943 |publisher=Imp. Portuguesa |location=Porto|url= }}
* {{cite book |title=Interesante Historieta del Coto Mixto |last=Modesto Brandon |first=Delfin |authorlink=Delfim Modesto Brandão |year=1907 |publisher=Tierra Gallega |location=Corunha |url= }}

'''Articles'''
* López Mira, Álvaro Xosé (2008). "O Couto Mixto: Autogoberno, fronteiras e soberanías distantes," in ''Madrygal'', 11: 35-39.
* Rodríguez Cruz, José (2006). "O Couto Mixto. Lendas de tradición Oral," in ''Lethes'', 7: 28-33.
* Hernández Figueirido, José Ramón (2006). "Couto Mixto, poboacións promiscuas e xeografía ecleasiástica," in ''Lethes'', 7: 34-48.
* López Mira, Álvaro Xosé (2005). "A crise do estado en zonas fronteirizas: estudo de caso do Couto Mixto como modelo sociopolítico alternativo ao estado," in Pereira Menaut, Antonio Carlos and Rojo Salgado, Arjimiro, Eds., ''Multiconstitucionalismo e multigoberno: Estados e rexións na Unión Europea''. Santiago de Compostela: Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, pp.&nbsp;177–184.
* Campos, Xosé Maria (2003). "O Couto Misto: a que puido ser a Andorra Galega," in ''Alborada'', December 2003: 48-49.
* Seara, Eliseu (2002). "O Couto Misto de Rubiás," in ''Revista Aqvae Flaviae'', 28: pp.&nbsp;41–70
* Ledo Cabido, Bieito, Ed. (2002). "Couto Mixto," in ''Enciclopedia Galega Universal''. Vigo: Ir Indo [http://www.egu.es/egu/Html/index.php?op=ver&id=41026].
* López Mira, Álvaro Xosé (2001). "O dereito de participación política dos cidadáns do Couto Mixto," in ''Grial'', 152: 575-579.
* García Mañá, Luís Manuel  (2001). "Couto Mixto, unha república esquecida," in ''Tempo Exterior'', 3 [http://www.igadi.org/arquivo/te_se03/couto_mixto_unha_republica_esquecida.htm].
* Morais, Maria João Moreira de (2000). "Os povos promsíscuos e o Couto Misto na raia transmontana/ourensana," in Kremer, Dieter, Ed., ''Actas do VI Congreso Internacional de Estudos Galegos''. Trier: Universität Trier, pp.&nbsp;861–867.
* Costa, João Gonçalves da (1968). "O Couto Misto de Rubiás," in ''Montalegre e terras de Barroso: notas históricas sobre Montalegre, freguesias do concelho e Região de Barroso''. Montalegre: Câmara Municipal de Montalegre, pp.&nbsp;132 and ss.

==External links==
* [http://tv1.rtp.pt/programas-rtp/index.php?p_id=24360&e_id=&c_id=1&dif=tv/ "Galegos de Cá e de Lá" documentary, 2008]
* {{gl icon}} [http://www.galeguizargalicia.com/?partner=3&estilo=1/ Asociación de Amigos do Couto Mixto]
* {{es icon}} [http://www.coutomixto.org/ Asociación de Veciños do Couto Mixto]
* {{es icon}} [http://www.tinet.org/~jpmiguez/cotomixto.htm Los Privilegios del Coto Mixto]
* [http://www.europarl.europa.eu/sides/getDoc.do?pubRef=-//EP//TEXT+WQ+E-2008-1526+0+DOC+XML+V0//EN European Parliament Question on the EU contribution to the revival of the Couto Mixto]
* {{gl icon}} [http://www.parlamentodegalicia.es/sites/ParlamentoGalicia/BibliotecaBoletinsOficiais/B70369.pdf Proposición non de lei sobre a divulgación do valor histórico e o desenvolvemento cultural e social do Couto Mixto (07/PNP-0335/20500)]
* {{es icon}} [http://www.congreso.es/portal/page/portal/Congreso/Congreso/Intervenciones/Busqueda%20avanzada?_piref73_2554049_73_1335423_1335423.next_page=/wc/enviarCgiBuscadorAvIntervenciones Proposición no de Ley relativa al reconocimiento de la singularidad del Couto Mixto como enclave Histórico-Cultural (162/000507)]
*{{es icon}} [http://www.elpais.es/articulo/reportajes/republica/independiente/Couto/elpdomrpj/20060730elpdmgrep_5/Tes/ ''La 'república independiente' del Couto'']
*{{gl icon}} [http://www.lavozdegalicia.es/se_cultura/noticia.jsp?CAT=106&TEXTO=4929343 ''Os novos xuíces honorarios darán pulo ás tradicións culturais do Couto Mixto'']
*{{gl icon}} [http://www.culturagalega.org/temadia.php?id=5233 ''Un Couto de cultura'']

{{Coord|41.9015|N|7.8315|W|display=title}}

{{Couto Misto}}
<nowiki>
[[Category:1864 disestablishments]]
[[Category:Former countries on the Iberian Peninsula]]
[[Category:History of Galicia]]
[[Category:History of Portugal by polity]]
[[Category:States and territories established in the 12th century]]
[[Category:Territorial disputes of Spain]]
[[Category:Territorial disputes of Portugal]]
[[Category:Montalegre]]
</nowiki>