Quelltext der Seite Benutzer:Friek555/Transgender people in sports

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{{Transgender sidebar}}
The participation of [[transgender]] or [[transsexual]] individuals in competitive sports is a controversial issue. Opposition to transgender or transsexual women competing in sporting events generally focuses on hormonal factors (such as higher testosterone levels among [[Trans woman|trans women]]) pre-transition, and physiological factors such as height and weight. Insisting that trans athletes compete against athletes of the same [[Sex assignment|assigned sex at birth]], [[Sex verification in sports|sex verification testing]], and access regulations have been used with the purported aim of ensuring fair competition.

==History of transgender athletes in competition==
Historically sport has been seen as a male domain.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|url=|title=Transgender Athletes in Competitive Sport|last=Anderson|first=Eric|last2=Travers|first2=Ann|date=2017-05-25|publisher=Routledge|year=|isbn=9781315304250|location=|pages=|language=en|chapter=Introduction}}</ref> The masculine perception of sport was first moderated with the rise of [[women's sports]] and further challenged with the gradual acceptance of [[Homosexuality in modern sports|gay sportsmen]].<ref name=":0" /> A third departure from this traditional view came from trans athletes, who did not fit into the culturally accepted binary gender norms of male and female.<ref name=":0" />

===Renée Richards===
{{Main|Renée Richards}}
An early high-profile transgender athlete was tennis player Renée Richards. Already a promising tennis player in the men's circuit, Richards underwent [[Sex reassignment therapy|gender reassignment therapy]] in 1975 and started playing in women's tournaments a year later. Her discovery and the resulting [[media frenzy]] sparked protests.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|url=|title=Transgender Athletes in Competitive Sport|editor-last=Anderson|editor-first=Eric|editor-last2=Travers|editor-first2=Ann|date=2017-05-25|publisher=Routledge |year=|isbn=9781315304250|location=|pages=|language=en|first=Lindsay|last=Pieper|chapter=Advantage Renee?}}</ref> After she accepted an invitation to a warm-up tournament for the [[US Open (tennis)|US Open]], the [[Women’s Tennis Association]] (WTA) and the [[United States Tennis Association]] (USTA) withdrew their support and 25 of the 32 women withdrew.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Birrell|first=Susan|last2=Cole|first2=Cheryl L.|title=Double Fault: Renee Richards and the Construction and Naturalization of Difference|url=http://journals.humankinetics.com/doi/pdf/10.1123/ssj.7.1.1|journal=Sociology of Sport Journal|language=en|volume=7|issue=1|pages=1–21|doi=10.1123/ssj.7.1.1}}</ref>

The USTA and WTA introduced the [[Barr body]] test, which identifies a person's sex chromosomes. Richards refused to take the test and was banned from the US Open.<ref name=":1" /> She filed a lawsuit in 1977 claiming that her civil rights were violated, and  challenging that policy, and the [[New York Supreme Court]] ruled in her favor. The judge agreed that the Barr body test as the sole determinant of sex was "grossly unfair" and ruled Richards legally female.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal|last=Pieper|first=Lindsay Parks|date=2012-04-01|title=Gender Regulation: Renée Richards Revisited|url=https://doi.org/10.1080/09523367.2012.675202|journal=The International Journal of the History of Sport|volume=29|issue=5|pages=675–690|doi=10.1080/09523367.2012.675202|issn=0952-3367}}</ref> She competed in the 1977 US Open at the age of 43, lost in the first round and retired four years later.<ref name=":1" /> At the time, the ruling in Richards's case did not lead to major changes outside of tennis.<ref name=":2" />

===Olympics===
In 2003, a committee convened by the [[International Olympic Committee]] (IOC) Medical Commission drew up new guidelines for participation of athletes who had undergone gender reassignment. The report listed three conditions for participation. First, athletes must have undergone [[sex reassignment surgery]], including changes in the external genitalia and [[Castration|gonadectomy]]. Second, athletes must show legal recognition of their gender. Third, athletes must have undergone hormone therapy for an appropriate time before participation, with two years being the suggested time.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.pdga.com/files/StockholmConsensus_0.pdf |title=Statement of the Stockhold consensus on sex reassignment in sports |website=Pdga.com |date=2003 |accessdate=August 25, 2016}}</ref>

It was not until 2004 that the IOC allowed transgender athletes to participate in the Olympic Games.<ref name="search.proquest.com">{{cite journal|last1=Sykes|first1=Heather|title=Transsexual and Transgender Policies in Sport|journal=Women in Sport and Physical Activity Journal|volume=15|issue=1|pages=3–13|url=http://search.proquest.com/docview/230686774?pq-origsite=gscholar}}</ref>

In 2015, the IOC modified these guidelines in recognition that legal recognition of gender could be difficult in countries where gender transition is not legal, and also that requiring surgery in otherwise healthy individuals "may be inconsistent with developing legislation and notions of human rights".<ref name="ioc2015">{{cite web |url=https://stillmed.olympic.org/Documents/Commissions_PDFfiles/Medical_commission/2015-11_ioc_consensus_meeting_on_sex_reassignment_and_hyperandrogenism-en.pdf |title=IOC consensus meeting on sex reassignment and hyperandrogenism |website=stillmed.olympic.org |date=November 2014 |accessdate=August 24, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.outsports.com/2016/1/21/10812404/transgender-ioc-policy-new-olympics|title=Exclusive: Read the Olympics' new transgender guidelines that will not mandate surgery| author=Cyd Zeigler |date=Jan 21, 2016 |website=www.outsports.com |accessdate=August 24, 2016}}</ref> The new guidelines require only that trans woman athletes declare their gender and not change that assertion for four years, and demonstrate a testosterone level of less than 10 nanomoles/liter for at least one year prior to competition and throughout the period of eligibility. Athletes who transitioned from female to male were allowed to compete without restriction. These guidelines were in effect for the 2016 Rio Olympics, although no openly transgender athletes competed.<ref name=":3">{{cite web |url=https://www.rollingstone.com/sports/features/chris-mosier-first-trans-team-usa-member-w432272 |title=Chris Mosier First Trans Team USA Member - Rolling Stone |newspaper=Rollingstone.com |date=August 2, 2016 |author=Lauren Steele |accessdate=August 25, 2016}}</ref>

===Other===
The first [[Coming out|out]] transgender person to make a [[United States national team|US National Team]] was [[Chris Mosier]] who in 2016 qualified for Team USA in [[duathlon]].<ref name=":3" />

In 2017 [[Mack Beggs]], a teenager from Texas, was required to wrestle against girls throughout the season of his transition from female to male up through the state championship, despite wanting to wrestle against boys. This was due to state sport regulations requiring athletes to compete alongside athletes of their birth gender. Some opponents say the testosterone prescribed as part of his transition gives him an unfair advantage and made it unsafe for the other wrestlers. (He finished the regular season at 52-0 and won the state championship.)<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/society/2017/feb/26/transgender-teenage-wrestler-mack-beggs-wins-texas-girls-title|title=Transgender teenage wrestler Mack Beggs wins Texas girls title|last=Reuters|date=2017-02-26|work=The Guardian|access-date=2018-01-13|language=en-GB|issn=0261-3077}}</ref>

In October 2018, [[Rachel McKinnon]] won a gold medal at the cycling Masters World Track Championship in Los Angeles. <ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.cyclingnews.com/news/mckinnon-is-first-transgender-woman-to-win-world-title/|title=McKinnon is First Transgender Woman to Win World Title|date=2018-10-16|work=Cyclingnews.com|access-date=2018-11-04|language=en-GB}}</ref>

==Testing==
At the heart of this controversy are concerns that transgender women would outperform [[cisgender]] women in many sports, such as running, due to their possibly more masculine body structure and historically higher [[testosterone]] levels. The intense scrutiny of transgender athletes has focused on trans women because it is generally assumed that transitioning for [[transmasculine]] individuals would not confer a competitive advantage.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2016-08-22-sport-and-gender-can-of-worms-open/|title=Sport and gender: Can of worms, open|author=Marelise van der Merwe|date=August 22, 2016|access-date=August 25, 2016|newspaper=Dailymaverick.co.za}}</ref>

Sports organizations have sought a test for [[Sex verification in sports|sex verification]] to ensure fairness across all sports. This began in the 1940s with "femininity certificates" provided by a physician. In the 1960s, visual genital inspections were used to confirm gender, followed by chromosomal analysis to detect the presence of the SRY and DYZ1 genes, normally found on the Y chromosome.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Reeser|first1=J C|date=October 2005 |title=Gender identity and sport: is the playing field level? |url=https://bjsm.bmj.com/content/39/10/695|journal=BJSM |volume=39 |issue=10| access-date=22 June 2019}}</ref>  These tests were all designed to ensure that athletes were only allowed to compete as their sex, but mostly resulted in the exclusion of [[intersex]] athletes.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/07/03/magazine/the-humiliating-practice-of-sex-testing-female-athletes.html?_r=0|title=The Humiliating Practice of Sex-Testing Female Athletes|author=Ruth Padawer|date=June 28, 2016|access-date=August 25, 2016|newspaper=The New York Times}}</ref>

More recently,{{When|date=April 2017}} testosterone levels have become the focus and, at the same time, new guidelines have been sought that would allow successfully-transitioned athletes to compete.<ref name="ioc2015" /> The increased visibility of trans women in professional sports has
led to debates on the IOC policies.<ref>https://www.theguardian.com/sport/blog/2019/jul/22/current-impasse-transgender-athletes</ref>

==Testosterone and athletic ability==
There is ongoing debate over the impact of biological [[sex differences in humans]] on sports abilities. People who oppose transgender women competing in women's sports say that they are given an unfair advantage over [[cisgender]] women due to higher testosterone levels and different muscle and fat distribution. Testosterone regulates many different functions in the body, including the maintenance of bone and muscle mass.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Anawalt, MD|first1=Bradley|last2=Kirk, MD|first2=Susan|last3=Shulman, MD|first3=Dorothy|title=Endocrine Glands and Types of Hormones|url=http://www.hormone.org/hormones-and-health/the-endocrine-system/endocrine-glands-and-types-of-hormones|website=Hormone Health Network|access-date=11 May 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150518101241/http://www.hormone.org/hormones-and-health/the-endocrine-system/endocrine-glands-and-types-of-hormones|archive-date=2015-05-18|url-status=dead}}</ref> It is also argued that athletes who transition to a woman after puberty will have a greater muscle to fat ratio compared to female athletes.<ref name="sykes">{{cite journal|last1=Sykes|first1=Heather|title=Transgender and Transsexual Policies in Sport|journal=Women in Sport & Physical Activity Journal|volume=15|issue=1 |pages=3–13|url=https://www.questia.com/library/journal/1G1-220135981/transsexual-and-transgender-policies-in-sport|accessdate=August 24, 2016}}{{paywall}}</ref> 

The debate on transgender women does not only pertain to elite sports, but also to school sports and [[sports scholarship]]s.<ref>https://www.outsports.com/2018/6/14/17458696/trans-athlete-connecticut-high-school-ban-petition</ref> There was controversy in [[Connecticut]] after high school competitions were won by a transgender student.<ref>https://abc7chicago.com/sports/transgender-track-star-teens-cause-controversy-in-connecticut/3637507/</ref><ref>https://abcnews.go.com/US/transgender-teens-outrun-track-field-competitors-critics-close/story?id=55856294</ref> This resulted in a civil rights complaint being filed.<ref>https://www.ctpost.com/news/article/Female-athletes-file-complaint-over-transgender-14015429.php</ref>

Joanna Harper is a [[medical physicist]] at the Providence Portland Medical Center who advised the [[International Olympic Committee]] (IOC).<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.sportsintegrityinitiative.com/author/joanna-harper/ |title=Joanna Harper, Author at Sports Integrity Initiative |date=2018-06-18 |website=sportsintegrityinitiative.com |access-date=2019-07-22}}</ref> She argues that the use of estrogen supplements and testosterone blockers (or physical castration via sex reassignment) cause a decrease in muscle mass, and oxygen-carrying red blood cells and that this leads to a decrease in strength, speed, and endurance.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/do-transgender-athletes-have-an-edge-i-sure-dont/2015/04/01/ccacb1da-c68e-11e4-b2a1-bed1aaea2816_story.html |title=Do transgender athletes have an edge? I sure don't. |newspaper=The Washington Post |date=April 1, 2015 |author=Joanna Harper |accessdate=August 25, 2016}}</ref> According to Joanna Harper, a competitive runner, scientist, and transgender woman, every athlete has advantages and disadvantages. The greater height that a transgender woman may have gained before transitioning may be an advantage on the basketball court but it is likely to be disadvantageous to a gymnast.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.abc.net.au/triplej/programs/hack/transgender-athletes/7669902 |title=Testing, hormones, hatred: What it's like to compete as a transgender athlete - Hack - triple j |publisher=Abc.net |date=July 28, 2016 |author=Matilda Edwards |accessdate=August 25, 2016}}</ref> Eric Vilain, a professor of human genetics at UCLA and a consultant to the IOC medical commission, stated: "There is 10 to 12% difference between male and female athletic performance. We need to categorize with criteria that are relevant to performance. It is a very difficult situation with no easy solution."<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.si.com/olympics/2016/08/11/caster-semenya-2016-rio-olympics-track-and-field |title=Caster Semenya controversy 2016 Rio Olympics |newspaper=Sports Illustrated |date=August 11, 2016 |author=Tim Layden |accessdate=August 25, 2016}}</ref>

==In secondary education==
{{expand section|information about transgender children and sports in other countries|date=August 2016}}

===United States===
States vary widely on participation of transgender children in sports and which locker room those students should use. Advocates in favor of allowing transgender children to participate in sports based on their preferred gender point out the known benefits of participating in sports and the psychological well-being of the transgender children.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://time.com/3961696/transgender-athletes-school-sports/ |title=The Case for Allowing Transgender Athletes in Youth Sports |newspaper=Time |date=July 16, 2015 |author=Katy Steinmetz |access-date=August 25, 2016}}</ref> Opponents emphasize the same issues of an unfair advantage of larger size and strength in trans women, plus the safety of cisgender children, both in competition and in the locker room.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/a-question-for-schools-which-sports-teams-should-transgender-students-play-on/2014/10/02/d3f33b06-49c7-11e4-b72e-d60a9229cc10_story.html |title=A question for schools: Which sports teams should transgender students play on? |newspaper=The Washington Post |date=October 2, 2014 |author=Sandhya Somashkhar |access-date=August 25, 2016}}</ref>

===United Kingdom===
Nearly all UK nationwide sports organisations have set up new rules for integrating transgender people in competitive sports, for example British Rowing.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.britishrowing.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/04/Transgender-Transexual-Policy-BR-2016.pdf |title=Transgender &  Transsexual  Policy February 2016  |website=British Rowing |access-date=2019-07-22}}</ref> In 2018, transgender children in UK legally had severe difficulties to get legal recognition (a Gender Recognition Certificate).<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.gires.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/Legal-recognition-for-transgender-children.pdf |title=Legal recognition for transgender children |website=gires.org |access-date=2019-07-22}}</ref> 

===Australia===
In July 2019, [[Australian Sports Commission|Sport Australia]] published guidelines on making sport more inclusive for transgender and gender-diverse people.<ref name="MgCoZA19">{{Cite web |url=https://mg.co.za/article/2019-06-13-australia-seeks-to-bring-more-transgender-people-to-sports |title=Australia seeks to bring more transgender people to sports  |date=2019-06-13 |website=Agence France-Presse |access-date=2019-07-22}}</ref>

=== Canada ===
Provincial governing bodies for high school sports have independent policies on the participation of transgender or non-binary athletes on sex-segregated teams. Organizations such as the [[Alberta Schools' Athletic Association]], the [[Manitoba High Schools Athletics Association]] and [[BC School Sports]] each have policies that allow the participation of transgender student-athletes in accordance with their gender identity.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://docs.wixstatic.com/ugd/2bc3fc_c35c84b268804cf7a7cd7b3d1279cdc7.pdf|title=Official Handbook - Alberta Schools' Athletic Association  (2017-2018)|last=|first=|date=|website=Alberta Schools' Athletic Association|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.mhsaa.ca/about/transgender-policy/|title=Transgender Policy|website=Manitoba High School Athletic Association|access-date=2019-09-25}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite web|url=https://www.bcschoolsports.ca/sites/default/files/2019%20-%202020%20BCSS%20HANDBOOK%20FINAL.pdf|title=BC School Sports Handbook (2019-2020)|last=|first=|date=|website=BC School Sports Handbook|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=}}</ref>  

Transgender or non-binary student-athletes looking to compete in a team consistent with their gender identity in [[British Columbia]] must submit an application to the BC School Sports Executive Director, and are required to have a written statement from both the student-athlete and the principal of their high school confirming their gender identity.<ref name=":4" />

== Post-secondary education ==

=== United States ===
In August of 2011, the [[National Collegiate Athletic Association]] Office of Inclusion published the NCAA Inclusion of Transgender Student-Athletes resource outlining the best practices and policies for the inclusion for transgender student-athletes.<ref name=":6">{{Cite web|url=http://www.ncaa.org/sites/default/files/Transgender_Handbook_2011_Final.pdf|title=NCAA Inclusion of Transgender Student-Athletes|last=|first=|date=|website=NCAA Office of Inclusion|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=}}</ref>

The policy permits transgender athletes who are not using [[hormone therapy]] to continue to participate on the team that corresponds to their gender assigned at birth. A [[female-to-male]] (FTM) trans student-athlete may participate on either a men’s or women’s team, but a [[male-to-female]] (MTF) transgender student-athlete is not permitted to compete on a women’s team.<ref name=":6" />

The NCAA allows a trans male student-athlete to compete on a men’s team while being treated with [[testosterone]], but they may no longer compete on a women’s team. A trans female student-athlete is able to compete on a women’s team after one year of testosterone suppression treatment. Athletes receiving doses of testosterone as a part of their transition must apply for a medical exemption through the league, as testosterone is considered a banned substance in the NCAA. Ongoing monitoring of their treatment and written documentation is required for student-athletes undergoing testosterone suppression.<ref name=":6" />

=== Canada ===
In September 2018, [[U Sports]], the governing body of intercollegiate and varsity athletics in Canada, released a policy addressing eligibility and best practices for the inclusion of transgender student-athletes at their member institutions.<ref name=":5">{{Cite web|url=https://usports.ca/uploads/hq/Media_Releases/Members_Info/2018-19/Press_Release_-_Transgender_Policy.pdf|title=U Sports Press Release - Transgender Student-Athletes|last=|first=|date=|website=U Sports Press Release|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=}}</ref> Under this new policy, U Sports student-athletes are able to compete according to their gender identity or sex assigned at birth provided they meet requirements of the Canadian Anti-Doping Program. Transgender student-athletes, like other U Sports athletes, are given 5 years of eligibility to compete and may only represent one gender of sports team per school year.<ref name=":5" />

== Notable trans athletes ==
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=== [[Trans man|Trans men]] ===
* [[Kye Allums]], basketball
* [[Schuyler Bailar]], swimming
* [[Mack Beggs]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://sportsday.dallasnews.com/high-school/high-schools/2017/02/18/transgender-teen-wins-regional-wrestling-title-despite-attempt-ban-competing|title=Transgender teen wins regional wrestling title despite attempt to ban him from competing - SportsDay|author=|date=18 February 2017|work=DallasNews.com|access-date=18 April 2017}}</ref> wrestling
* [[Harrison Browne]], ice hockey
* [[Balian Buschbaum]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://transgenderuniverse.com/2016/03/31/people-profile-balian-buschbaum/|title=People Profile: Balian Buschbaum|first=Savannah|last=Luke|date=31 March 2016|work=TransgenderUniverse.com|access-date=18 April 2017}}</ref> pole vault
* [[Willy De Bruijn]], cycling
* [[Zdeněk Koubek]], track
* [[Andreas Krieger]], shot put
* [[Chris Mosier]], triathlon
* [[Erik Schinegger]], skiing
* [[Mark Weston (athlete)|Mark Weston]], athletics
* [[Patricio Manuel]], Boxing
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=== [[Trans woman|Trans women]] ===
* [[Tifanny Abreu]], volleyball
* [[Alessia Almeri]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.metronieuws.nl/xl/sport/2016/03/eerste-transgender-ooit-in-internationale-volleybal|title=Eerste transgender ooit in internationale volleybal|trans-title=|language=|author=|date=March 2016|work=MetroNieuws.nl|access-date=18 April 2017}}</ref> volleyball
* [[Mianne Bagger]], golf
* [[Rachel Burrous]], darts
* [[Savannah Burton]]
* [[Parinya Charoenphol]], Thai boxing
* [[JayCee Cooper]],<ref>https://competenetwork.com/one-on-one-with-transgender-powerlifter-jaycee-cooper</ref> Powerlifting, Roller Derby
* [[Roberta Cowell]], motor sports
* [[Yanelle Del Mar Zape]],<ref>https://masterstrack.blog/2018/09/colombian-w40-transgender-hurdler-claims-bronze-in-80h-at-malaga-worlds</ref> Track and Field
* [[Michelle Duff]]
* [[Michelle Dumaresq]]
* [[Fallon Fox]], mixed marital arts
* [[Natalie van Gogh]], cycling 
* [[Laurel Hubbard]], weightlifting
* [[Lauren Jeska]], fell running
* [[Janae Kroc]]
* [[Caroline Layt]],<ref>https://masterstrack.blog/2018/09/colombian-w40-transgender-hurdler-claims-bronze-in-80h-at-malaga-worlds/</ref><ref>http://websites.sportstg.com/assoc_page.cgi?c=7-2168-0-0-0&sID=16845&articleID=5591016&news_task=DETAIL</ref><ref>https://www.smh.com.au/sport/transgender-footballer-caroline-layt-says-lgbti-equality-in-sport-hasnt-progressed-in-a-decade-20171019-gz3vn8.htmland</ref> Rugby League, Rugby Union and Track and Field
* [[Bobbi Lancaster]], golf
* [[Kellie Maloney]]
* [[Kirsti Miller]], <ref>https://museumriverina.com.au/exhibitions/sporting-hall-of-fame/miller,-warren</ref> Modern Pentathlon, Aquathon and AFL
* [[Rachel McKinnon]],<ref>{{cite news |last1=Ballinger |first1=Alex |title=Rachel McKinnon becomes first transgender woman to win track world title |url=https://www.cyclingweekly.com/news/latest-news/rachel-mckinnon-becomes-first-transgender-woman-win-track-world-title-397473 |accessdate=24 November 2018 |work=Cycling Weekly |date=17 October 2018}}</ref> cycling
* [[Cate McGregor]], cricket
* [[Hannah Mouncey]], handball and Australian football
* [[Laura Nagtegaal]], <ref>{{cite news |title=World title announcement |url=https://www.facebook.com/pdga/photos/a.183433388317/10156703528588318 |work=Professional Disc Golf Association |date=27 July 2019}}</ref>, <ref>{{cite news |title=Transitioning in the Music Industry |url=https://soundgirls.org/transitioning-in-the-music-industry/ |work=SoundGirls.org |date=15 August 2019}}</ref> disc golf
* [[Renée Richards]], tennis
* [[Jaiyah Saelua]]
* [[Britney Stinson]],<ref>https://www.outsports.com/2017/12/13/16748322/britney-stinson-trans-football-baseball</ref> American football, baseball
* [[Andraya Yearwood]], track and field (high school)
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==See also==
* [[List of LGBT sportspeople]]
*[[Gay Games]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Further reading==
Acknowledged{{By whom|date=April 2017}} law and regulation research papers regarding policies around transgender athletes in competition:
* [https://www.ncaa.org/sites/default/files/Transgender_Handbook_2011_Final.pdf NCAA Inclusion of Transgender Student-Athletes]
* [http://digitalcommons.law.wne.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1248&context=facschol Including Transgender Athletes in Sex-Segregated Sport]
* [http://law.shu.edu/Students/academics/journals/sports-entertainment/upload/Buzuvis-Transgender-Athletes-3.pdf Transgender student-athletes and sex-segregated sport: Developing policies of inclusion for intercollegiate and interscholastic athletics]
* [http://digitalcommons.law.wne.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1333&context=facschol Hormone Check: Critique of Olympic Rules on Sex and Gender]

[[:Category:Transgender and transsexual sportspeople|*]]
[[:Category:Gender verification in sports| ]]