Quelltext der Seite Benutzer:Hanneswalter/Chai Li Fo

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|colspan=2 align=center style="border-top:1px solid; font-size: 35px; height: 50px;"|蔡李佛
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!style="background:#ccf; border-bottom:1px solid" colspan=2|Choy Li Fut
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|align=right|[[Kantonesische_Sprache|Kantonesisch]] [[Yale-Romanisierung#Kantonesisch|Yale]]:||'''choi léih faht'''
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|align=right|[[Hochchinesisch]] [[Pinyin]]:||Cài Lǐ Fó
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|align=right valign="top"|Andere Transkiptionen:||Choi Lei Fat<br>Choy Lay Fut<br>Choi Lei Fut<br>Choy Lai Fut<br>Choy Ley Fut<br>Choi Lei Faht<br>Tsai Li Fo<br>Choy Lee Fut<br>Choy Lee Fat<br>Choy Li Fat<br>Choi Li Fatt
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'''Cai Li Fo''' (Mandarin) or '''Choy Li Fut''' (Cantonese), both written 蔡李佛, is a system of [[Chinese martial arts]] founded in 1836 by [[Chan Heung]] (陳享).<ref name="Ref1">Title:The Dynamic Fighting Art Descended From the Monks of the Shaolin Temple Choy Li Fut Kung Fu, Author: Doc-Fai Wong and Jane Hallander, Pub:Unique Publications 1985., ISBN 0865680620, ISBN 978-0865680623</ref> Choy Li Fut was named to honor the Buddhist monk Choy Fook 蔡褔 (Cai Fu) who taught him [[Choi ga|Choy Gar]], Li Yau-San 李友山 who taught him [[Li (Lee) Family|Li Gar]], and his uncle Chan Yuen-Wu 陳遠護 who taught him [[Fut gar|Fut Gar]], to honor the Buddha after which the art was named.

The system combines the martial arts techniques from various [[Northern Shaolin (martial art)|Northern]] and Southern Chinese kung-fu systems;<ref>Title: Chinese Gung Fu: The Philosophical Art of Self-Defense, Author: Bruce Lee, Paperback: 125 pages, Publisher: Black Belt Communications; 4 edition (February 1, 2008), Language: English, ISBN 0897501128, ISBN 978-0897501125</ref> the powerful arm and hand techniques from the [[Shaolin Kung Fu|Shaolin]] animal forms<ref>Title: Shaolin Five Animals Kung Fu, Author: Doc-Fai Wong and Jane Hallander, Paperback: 130 pages, Publisher: Unique Publications, Inc., 1988. ISBN 0-86568-080-9</ref> from the South, combined with the extended, circular movements, twisting body, and agile footwork that characterizes Northern China's martial arts. It is considered an external style, combining soft and hard techniques as well as incorporating a wide range of weapons as part of its curriculum.<ref>Title: Kungfu Basics (Tuttle Martial Arts Basics), Author: Paul Eng, Paperback: 192 pages, Publisher: Tuttle Publishing (July 15, 2004), Language: English, ISBN 0804834946, ISBN 978-0804834940</ref> Choy Li Fut is an effective self defense system<ref>Title: Befriend and Betray: Infiltrating the Hells Angels, Bandidos and Other Criminal Brotherhoods, Author: Alex Caine, Hardcover: 304 pages, Publisher: Thomas Dunne Books; 1 edition (February 17, 2009), Language: English, ISBN 0312537190, ISBN 978-0312537197</ref> particularly noted for defense against multiple attackers.<ref name="Title 2002">Title:The Art of Shaolin Kung Fu: The Secrets of Kung Fu for Self-Defense, Health, and Enlightenment, Author:Wong Kit Kiew, Pub:Tuttle Publishing (November 15, 2002) ISBN 0804834393 ISBN 978-0804834391</ref> It contains a wide variety of techniques, including long and short range punches, kicks, sweeps and take downs, pressure point attacks, joint locks, and grappling.<ref>Title: The Way of the Warrior: Martial Arts and Fighting Skills from Around the World, Author: Chris Crudell, Hardcover: 360 pages Publisher: Dorling Kindersley (1 Oct 2008) Language English
ISBN 1405330953 ISBN 978-1405330954</ref> According to [[Bruce Lee]]:<ref>Title: Bruce Lee - Between Wing Chun and Jeet Kune Do, Author:Jesse Glover, Pub:Glover Publications (Page 67) (January 1, 1976) ISBN 096023280X ISBN 978-0960232802</ref>

{{Zitat|Choy Li Fut is the most effective system that I've seen for fighting more than one person. [It] is one of the most difficult styles to attack and defend against. Choy Li Fut is the only style [of kung fu] that traveled to Thailand to fight the Thai boxers and hadn't lost.‘|Bruce Lee|}}

== Founding ==
[[Chan Heung]] (陳享), also known as Din Ying (典英), Daht Ting (逹庭), Chen Xiangong, and Chen Xiang, was born on August 23, 1806, in King Mui 京梅 (Ging Mui), a village in the San Woi 新會 (Xin Hui) district of China's [[Guangdong]] province.<ref name="Ref1"/>.

Chan Heung's uncle Chan Yuen-Wu (陳遠護), a boxer from the [[Shaolin temple]] in [[Fujian]], began teaching him the [[Fut Gar|Fut Gar]] (佛家) style of [[Chinese martial arts]] when he was seven years old. When Chan Heung was fifteen, Chan Yuen-Wu took him to Li Yau-San (李友山), Chan Yuen-Wu's senior classmate from the Shaolin temple.

Under Li Yau-San's instruction, Chan Heung spent the next four years learning the [[Li (Lee) Family|Li Gar]] style. Impressed with Chan Heung's martial arts abilities, Li Yau-San suggested that he train with a Shaolin monk called Choy Fook (Cài Fú, 蔡褔) to learn [[Choy Gar]]<ref name="Title 2008">Title: The Way of the Warrior: Martial Arts and Fighting Styles from Around the World, Author: Chris Crudell, Page:122, Hardcover: 360 pages, Publisher: DK ADULT; Ill edition (September 29, 2008), Language: English, ISBN 0756639751, ISBN 978-0756639754</ref>, a Northern Shaolin style of [[Chinese martial arts|wushu]] 武术, as well as Chinese medicine and other Shaolin techniques.

According to legend, the [[Monk#Buddhist monks|monk]] [[Jee Sin Sim See]] (至善禪師) is said to have been one of the legendary [[Five Elders]] &ndash; along with [[Ng Mui]] (五梅大師), Fung Doe Duk (馮道德), Miu Hin (苗顯) and [[Bak Mei]] (白眉道人) &ndash; who survived the destruction of the Shaolin Temple sometime during the late Qing Dynasty.<ref name="Title 2002" />

The founders of the five major family styles of Southern Chinese martial arts; [[Hung Gar]], [[Choy Gar]], [[Mok Gar]], [[Li (Lee) Family|Li Gar]] and [[Lau Gar]], were respectively, Hung Hei-Gun (洪熙官), Choy Gau Yee (蔡九儀), Mok Da Si (Mok Ching-Kiu, 莫清矯), Li Yau-San (李友山), and Lau Sam-Ngan (劉三眼); and all are said to have been students of Jee Sin Sim See.<ref>Title:Kung Fu: History, Philosophy, and Technique, Author:David Chow, Pub:Unique Publications (December 1980) ISBN 0865680116
ISBN 978-0865680111</ref><ref name="Title 2005">Title: The Shaolin Grandmaster's Text - History, Philosophy, and Gung Fu of Shaolin Ch'an, Publisher: Order Of Shaolin Ch'an; 6 edition (January 15, 2005), Language: English, ISBN 0975500902, ISBN 978-0975500903</ref> Choy Fook had learned his martial arts from Choy Gau Yee (蔡九儀), the founder of [[Choy Gar]].<ref name="Title 2008"/>

Choy Fook lived as a recluse on [[Mount Luofu|Lau Fu mountain (羅浮山)]] and no longer wished to teach martial arts. Chan Heung set out to Lau Fu mountain to find him. When Choy Fook  was at the Shaolin temple, he had been seriously burned and his head had healed with scars. This gave him the nickname "Monk with the Wounded Head" (爛頭和尙). Using that description, Chan Heung eventually located the monk and handed him a letter of recommendation from Li Yau-San. However, Chan Heung was disappointed when Choy Fook turned him down. After much begging Choy Fook agreed to take the young man as a student but only to study [[Buddhism]].<ref>Title: The Tao of Gung Fu: A Study in the Way of Chinese Martial Art, Author(s): Bruce Lee and John Little, Page: 151, Paperback: 200 pages, Publisher: Tuttle Publishing; 1st edition (November 15, 1997), Language: English, ISBN 0804831106, ISBN 978-0804831109</ref>

One morning, when Chan Heung was practicing his martial arts, Choy Fook pointed to a heavy rock and told him to kick it into the air. Chan Heung exerted all of his strength as his foot crashed against the rock, sending it twelve feet away. Instead of being complimented, Choy Fook  placed his own foot under the heavy rock and effortlessly propelled it through the air. Chan Heung was awestruck by this demonstration. Again he begged Choy Fook  to teach him his martial arts. This time the monk agreed, and for nine years Choy Fook taught Chan Heung both the way of Buddhism and the way of martial arts.<ref>Title: Barefoot Zen: The Shaolin Roots of Kung Fu and Karate, Author: Nathan J. Johnson, Page: 239, Paperback: 265 pages, Publisher: Weiser Books (December 2000), Language: English, ISBN 1578631424, ISBN 978-1578631421</ref>

When he was twenty-eight, Chan Heung left Choy Fook and returned to King Mui village in 1834, where he revised and refined all that he had learned. In 1835 Choy Fook  gave Chan Heung advice in the form of a special poem known as a double couplet.
<blockquote>
龍虎風雲會, The dragon and tiger met as the wind and the cloud.<br/>
徒兒好自爲, My disciple, you must take good care of your future.<br/>
重光少林術, To revive the arts of Shaolin,<br/>
世代毋相遺. Don't let the future generations forget about this teaching.<br/>
</blockquote>

In 1836 he formally established the Choy Li Fut system, named to honor the Buddhist monk Choy Fook who taught him [[Choy Gar]], Li Yau-San who taught him [[Li (Lee) Family|Li Gar]], and his uncle Chan Yuen-Woo 陳遠護 who taught him [[Fut gar|Fut Gar]], to honor the Buddha from which the art was named.<ref>Title: Choy Lay Fut Kung Fu: The Dynamic Art of Fighting, Author: Koon Hung Lee, Paperback: 190 pages, Publisher: Lee Koon-Hung Publishing, January 1, 1994, ISBN 9627284416, ISBN 978-9627284413</ref>

== Characteristics ==
[[Chan Heung]] 陳享 revised and refined all that he had learned from his teachers and with his disciples, established standardized hand and leg techniques.<ref>Title: Pagration (Pan + Kratos): Confusions About Pagration (Greek Edition) (Volume 7), Author: Gregory Zorzos, Page: 74, Paperback: 120 pages, Publisher: CreateSpace (January 22, 2009),
 Language: Greek, ISBN 1441454691, ISBN 978-1441454690</ref><ref>Title: The Essential Jackie Chan Source Book, Author: Jeff Rovin, Page: 237, Paperback: 304 pages, Publisher: Pocket (October 1, 1997), Language: English, ISBN 0671008439, ISBN 978-0671008437</ref>

Choy Li Fut's  hand techniques contain 10 elements 十訣: Kum 擒 Slapping or pressing palm deflection, Na 拿 shooting arm bridge, Gwa 掛 back fist, So 掃 sweeping, Chop 插 yin/yang knuckle strike, Pow 拋 upward power shot, Jong 撞 small upward power shot, Chaw 爪 claw, Bin 鞭 swinging power shot, Pei 劈 chopping, and Lui Yin 擂陰 yin/yang fist.<ref>Title: Fighting Power: How To Develop Explosive Punches, Kicks, Blocks, And Grappling, Author:Loren W. Christensen, Paperback: 248 pages, Publisher: Paladin Press (November 1996), Language: English, ISBN 087364901X, ISBN 978-0873649018</ref>  Choy Li Fut's leg techniques contain 6 elements: Chan 撐 bracing, Ding 釘 nailing, Liu Tat 撩踢 kicking, So 掃 sweeping, Jet 截 blocking, Au 勾 hooking, and Dan 彈 springing. There are 8 techniques of how the hand and leg techniques are applied. They are Yin 陰 negative, Yang 陽positive, Kong 剛 hard, Yau 柔 soft, Hui 虛 false, Shi 實 real, Tou 偷 stealing, and Lau 溜 sneaking.<ref name="Ref1"/><ref name="WSEncyc">Title: World Sports Encyclopedia, Author: Wojciech Liponski, page: 128, Hardcover: 600 pages, Publisher: MBI (August 2003), Language: English, ISBN 0760316821, ISBN 978-0760316825</ref>

The stances of Choy Li Fut are similar in height to other martial arts styles such as [[Hung Ga|Hung Gar]], but not as high as those of [[Wing Chun]].  This allows the practitioner to move quickly during combat without sacrificing stability and power generation. What is unique to the Choy Li Fut style is sometimes termed "whipping", where the practitioner's upper torso twists to generate more power in executing hand and arm techniques.  In other martial art styles, the upper body is less dynamic, placing more emphasis in stability and generation of static power.<ref name="WSEncyc"/>  Other differences include how the practitioner's stance should be while facing their opponent. In the Hung Gar and Wing Chun styles, practitioners hold their torso perpendicular to an opponent, to allow the full use of both arms. In contrast, Choy Li Fut holds the torso at an angle to the opponent to reduce the target area exposed to him, and to allow the practitioner more reach.  Front stances in Choy Li Fut have the front bent leg angled in to protect the groin, while other martial arts systems have the front bent leg facing forward.<ref name="WSEncyc"/>  

During revolutionary battles between anti-Qing and government forces [[Taiping Rebellion#Other rebellions|(1850–1877)]], whoever belonged to the Choy Li Fut system would identify themselves by crying out "yak" when striking with the palm, "wak" when thrusting with a tiger claw hand, "ha" when striking with the fist, "hok" when using a [[Lama (martial art)|crane]] beak strike, and "dik" when kicking.<ref name="Ref1"/><ref>Title: The Way of the Warrior: Martial Arts and Fighting Styles from Around the World, Author: Chris Crudell, Hardcover: 360 pages, Publisher: DK ADULT; Ill edition (September 29, 2008), Language: English, ISBN 0756639751, ISBN 978-0756639754</ref>  These sounds are unique to the Choy Li Fut system.

[[Chan Heung]] 陳享 recorded his discoveries and knowledge onto paper for his future students to follow and eventually recorded over 250+ forms and techniques.

== Forms ==
The Choy Li Fut system has over 250 various single person, multiple person, weapon, and training apparatus forms<ref>http://www.plumblossom.net/ChoyLiFut/formslist.html</ref>, ''e.g.'' the [[Muk Yan Jong|Ching jong]], the Sui Sau Jong, and the Ma Jong.<ref>Title:Wing Chun Kung Fu: The Wooden Dummy, Author: Shaun Rawcliffe, Page:22, Paperback: 160 pages, Publisher: Crowood Press (November 1, 2008), Language: English, ISBN 1847970265, ISBN 978-1847970268</ref> Because [http://baike.baidu.com/view/401186.htm Chan Heung] was a student of three highly skilled Shaolin masters, each teacher had many traditional forms. Chan Heung also developed many training and fighting forms from his own experience and years of training. There are even specialized forms for various students who had different physical shapes and abilities. These forms have been recorded into scripts which have been handed down to his closed-door students. 

Initially, Ng Lun Ma 五輪馬 (Five Wheel Stance Form ) and Ng Lun Chui 五輪搥 (Five Wheel Striking Form ) were created as the basic training forms that beginners must master to learn the basic foundation of stances, movement, and hand techniques.  Present day schools and branches may use different teaching and training forms as well as their own curriculum and methodologies to teach Choy Li Fut. Because of the massive number of forms in the Choy Li Fut system as a whole, it is not required to learn every form to complete training in Choy Li Fut. As the Choy Li Fut system spread, different schools and branches added other martial arts masters to their curriculum, adding new forms or modifying some form techniques.  This dissemination and evolution of Choy Li Fut resulted in the variations of forms and practices we see between schools and branches.

== Weapons ==
Having both Northern and Southern Chinese influences gives Choy Li Fut a wide variety of weapons in its arsenal. Originally, there were 40 weapons in the system of Choy Li Fut. After many years of teaching, some past masters added different forms and other weapons into the system. Now there are 53 traditional weapons<ref>http://www.plumblossom.net/ChoyLiFut/CLFweapons.html</ref>.

One weapon that is exclusive to Choy Li Fut is the Nine Dragon Trident created by the founder, Chan Heung. This weapon was designed to shred any part of the opponent with which it might come into contact. The many hooks and blades can seize an opponent's weapon and, with one twist, rip it from his hands. The Nine-Dragon Trident (Gau Lung Dai Chah, 九龍大叉) is known as the "King" of all weapons.<ref>http://www.martialarm.com/weapons/kungfu-weapons.html</ref><ref>http://goldeneaglemac.com/ninedragon.html</ref>

==Expansion of the system==
[[Chan Heung]] 陳享 set up the first Choy Li Fut martial arts school at the local family temple of his village.<ref name="Title 2005"/> As his reputation spread, hundreds of people from nearby villages came to learn Choy Li Fut. Shortly after Chan Heung established his new school, the [[Opium wars|Opium Wars]] broke out in China. Chan Heung joined the army in Canton to fight against the British invaders. After China's defeat in 1842, he returned home to his family in King Mui.

Political corruption within the [[Manchu language#History and significance|Manchurian]]-controlled [[Qing|Ching]] (Qing) dynasty 清朝 had contributed to China's defeat. Between 1847 and 1850 many Chinese leaders formed secret societies to combat the Qing Dynasty.<ref name="Title 1982">Title: The Gate of Heavenly Peace: The Chinese and Their Revolution, Author: Jonathan D. Spence, Paperback: 560 pages, Publisher: Penguin (Non-Classics) (October 28, 1982), Language: English, ISBN 0140062793, ISBN 978-0140062793</ref>

Under the leadership of Hong Xiu-Quan (洪秀全),<ref name="Title 2004">Title: Blowing Up Hong Kong, Author: Chris Jones, Page: 87, Paperback: 96 pages, Publisher: Atlas Games (September 2004), Language: English, ISBN 1589780655, ISBN 978-1589780651</ref> the Triad Rebellion broke out against the Imperial forces in [[Guangxi]]. Hong's rebels defeated the Imperial troops in 1850 and for the next two decades the [[Taiping Rebellion|Tai Ping Tian Guo (太平天國)]] kingdom ruled the Han Chinese people.<ref>Title: China A to Z: Everything You Need to Know to Understand Chinese Customs and Culture, Author(s): May-lee Chai and Winberg Chai, Paperback: 304 pages, Publisher: Plume (September 25, 2007), Language: English,
ISBN 0452288878, ISBN 978-0452288874</ref>.

During this era, Chan Heung left his home in King Mui with his wife and two children, and seized the opportunity to set up many Choy Li Fut schools in Southern China to help spread revolutionary ideas against the [[Manchu]] government. 

Chan Heung had 18 original Choy Li Fut disciples, known as the eighteen Lohan (十八羅漢); named to honor the [[Bodhidharma]] who is traditionally considered to have taught the Shaolin monks the original Eighteen Lohan hands in 527 CE,<ref>Title: Complete Book of Zen, Author: Wong Kiew Kit, Paperback: 336 pages, Publisher: Tuttle Publishing (November 15, 2002), Language: English, ISBN 0804834415, ISBN 978-0804834414</ref> which some consider the predecessor of Shaolin martial arts.<ref>Title:Shaolin Lohan Kung-Fu, Author: P'ng Chye Khim, Paperback: 172 pages, Publisher: Tuttle Publishing (September 15, 1991), Language: English
ISBN 0804816980, ISBN 978-0804816984</ref>

In 1848, the original eighteen started branching out to teach Choy Li Fut throughout Southern China. The first disciple to teach Choy Li Fut outside of King Mui was Lung Ji-Choi 龍子才, who opened a school in the town of Xunzhou 潯州 in Guangxi 廣西 province. Soon after, Chan Din-Foon 陳典桓 initiated the first Hung Sing Choy Li Fut school in Fut San 佛山 (Foshan).

Some of the other original eighteen disciples who promoted the new kung fu system were: Chan Din-Yao 陳典尤 in Nan Hai 南海; Chan Dai-Yup 陳大揖 in Guangzhou 廣州; Chan Din-Sing 陳典承 in Zhongshan 中山; Chan Mau-Jong 陳謀莊 in Panyu 番禺; Chan Din-Bong 陳典邦 in Dong Guan 東莞; Chan Din-Wai 陳典惠 in Kaiping 開平; Chan Din-Jen 陳典珍 in Taishan 台山; Chan Sun-Dong 陳孫棟 in Enping 恩平; Chan Din-Dak 陳典德 at Heshan 鶴山; Chan Dai-Wai 陳大威 in Zhaoqing 肇慶; Chan Sing-Hin 陳承顯 in Xinhuicheng 新會城; Chan Yin-Yu 陳燕瑜at Jiangmen 江門. And admirable tasks were performed by Chan Dai-Sing 陳大成, Chan Din-Seng 陳典勝, Chan Mau-Wing 陳謀榮 , and Chan Din-Gung 陳典拱, who taught Choy Li Fut in twenty-six villages in the King Mui 京梅 area.

Historically all Choy Li Fut schools ultimately have the same origins, but because of the anti-[[Manchu]] government revolutions of the mid-1800s and the ensuing chaotic political situations that existed in China, various name changes and changes in leadership created the belief that there were two completely separate Hung Sing Choy Li Fut schools.

The Hung Moon 洪門 political party<ref>Title: King Hui: The Man Who Owned All the Opium in Hong Kong, Author: Jonathan Chamberlain, Page: 255, Paperback: 348 pages, Publisher: Blacksmith Books (July 16, 2010), Language: English, ISBN 9889979985, ISBN 978-9889979980</ref> represented all revolutionary factions, including all Choy Li Fut representatives. [[Choy Li Fut]] schools chose to write the name of their schools in various ways to hide their affiliation with the outlawed Hung Moon 洪門 political party and to protect themselves from government persecution.

Many Choy Li Fut schools had a secret slogan during these times: "Hung 洪 Ying 英 Ji 至 Sing 聖 ; Ying英 Hung 雄 Wing 永 Sing 勝. " This translates as: "Heroes of the Hung Party are superior; Heroes always win." [[Chan Heung]]'s 陳享followers adopted two words of the motto as their secret passwords “Hung Sing 洪勝” which meant "Hung Party wins" but because that was too close to the outlawed Hung Moon Party name, they changed the Chinese characters which sounds the same as Hung Sing 鴻勝, but when written means "goose winning".

[[Chan Heung]] 陳享 son, Koon-Pak 官伯, changed the Chinese character Hung 鴻 to Hung 雄 meaning "strong." From that time on, [[Choy Li Fut]] schools in Koon Pak's King Mui area designated themselves with the slogan Hung Sing 雄勝, meaning "Strong Winning," while the Fut San schools kept their "goose winning" Hung Sing 鴻勝 motto.

Fut San was a hot bed of political activities.<ref>Title:The Diary of a Manchu Soldier in Seventeenth-Century China: "My Service in the Army", Author: Dzengseo, Page(s):11-12, Hardcover: 154 pages, Publisher: Routledge; annotated edition edition (September 15, 2006), Language: English, ISBN 0700716114, ISBN 978-0700716111</ref> There was a strong [[Manchu]] presence in Fut San, and battles between the Manchu government and the Hung Moon members were bloody and frequent. The Fut San Choy Li Fut School opened in 1848 under Chan Din-Foon 陳典桓 utilized the name "Hung Sing Kwoon 鴻勝舘" (using the "Hung 鴻" character that means goose) to avoid associating themselves with the Hung Moon 洪門 political party and to protect themselves from government persecution.

In 1850, [[Triad (underground societies)|Triad]] rebels under the leadership of Hong Xiu-Quan 洪秀全, broke out against the Imperial forces in Guangxi 廣西. Hong's rebels defeated the Imperial troops and for the next two decades the [[Taiping Rebellion|Tai Ping Tian Guo (太平天國)]] kingdom ruled the Han Chinese. When the [[Taiping Rebellion|Tai Ping Tian Guo (太平天國)]] local government fell in 1864, the Manchu government regained power again.<ref name="Title 1982"/><ref name="Title 2004"/>

The Fut San Hung Sing branch was extremely popular and this worried the [[Manchu]] government supporters as well as created intense rivalries between martial arts schools. Rumors and gossip of the school being affiliated with the Hung Moon 洪門 political party created even more tension between the [[Manchu]] controlled local government and the school. Originally, started by Chan Din-Foon around 1848, the school flourished up to the time of his death.

In 1867, [[Chan Heung]] 陳享 believed that [[Jeong Yim]] 張炎, was the most capable student to be Chan Din-Foon's 陳典桓 successor and was an opportune time to rebuild the Fut San 佛山 (Foshan) Hung Sing branch. Soon rumors and gossip spread quickly that the Fut San Hung Sing branch was going to be reopened by a hero named [[Jeong Yim]] 張炎.

The Manchu government quickly sent soldiers to try and shut down the school. Because the survival of the Fut San Hung Sing Choy Li Fut school depended on training fighters quickly and efficiently, initially [[Jeong Yim]] 張炎 limited the number of forms he taught to just a handful. Enough to provide the students with all the proper techniques, including a few weapon forms. This ensured the survival of the school. Because Jeong Yim concentrated on teaching combat skills, some of the best Choy Li Fut fighters came from the Fut San Hung Sing branch. As the school became more established, [[Jeong Yim]] 張炎 would further educate his students with more advanced forms and techniques. Because of early combat training and the reputation [[Jeong Yim]] 張炎 gained for reopening the school, the Fut San Hung Sing Choy Li Fut school soon became known as the Jeong Hung Sing school of Choy Li Fut.

== Jeong Yim ==
{{Main|Jeong Yim}}
Few authenticated facts are known about [[Jeong Yim]] (張炎) but his legacy and influence on the development of Choy Li Fut can still be felt today. Jeong Yim's actual birth and death dates are not confirmed, but it is rumored that he lived between 33 to 69 years of age.  Like all great martial artists; myths, stories, and legends, which surround them are often mistaken and confused as facts. [[Jeong Yim]]'s 張炎 successor Chan Ngau-Sing 陳吽盛, stated that the author Nim Fut San Yen created a popular fictional story ([[Wǔxiá]]) written during the period to increase the awareness of Choy Li Fut and revolutionary activities. This story was called, '''''Fut San Hung Sing Kwoon'''''.  Chan Ngau-Sing 陳吽盛 knew the author ''Nim Fut San Yen'' <ref>nom de plume</ref> personally. Such stories have no basis in historical fact. Popular [[Wǔxiá]] novels like Wan Nian Qing and the mythology of anti-Qing organizations such as the Heaven and Earth Society, were spreading wildly through China since the early 19th century.<ref>Title: On Hung Gar - History and Practice, Author: Wallace Smedley , Paperback: 310 pages, Publisher: CreateSpace (April 13, 2009), pg.100, Language: English, ISBN 1442137479 ISBN 978-1442137479</ref>

Unfortunately, all of this is not officially documented. No written historic records can be found about Jeong Yim. According to the Chan Family History Book<ref name="CFB">[http://www.plumblossom.net/PhotoAlbum/KingMuiVillage/Scripts_from_King_Mui_Village/King_Mui_Form_Scripts_-_jing_mei_shi_zu_quan_pu/Pages/History_-_cai_li_fu_li_shi.html#0 Chan Family History Book]</ref>(the "Big Book") the only historically documented fact showing a relationship between [[Chan Heung]] 陳享 and [[Jeong Yim]] 張炎 is the date of 1867, when Jeong Yim was sent to reopen the Fut San school as the successor to Chan Din-Foon 陳典桓.

The heated controversy surrounding Jeong Yim is in regards with the history and development of Choy Li Fut. Various Choy Li Fut branches have differing versions of how Choy Li Fut was founded and / or even created.
The various versions of history regarding Jeong Yim and his influence on the development of Choy Li Fut can be found [[Jeong Yim|here]].

== The four main branches ==
{{copy-edit|section|date=January 2010}}

The Choy Li Fut martial arts system has spread throughout the globe with schools on almost every continent.<ref name="PBIF">http://plumblossom.net/Plumblossom/, Verifiable proof of worldwide locations by this federation.</ref> All are recognized as an important part of the Choy Li Fut family because they are the pioneers that helped spread the art of Choy Li Fut throughout the world.  Over time in addition to the development of new techniques and introductions of other martial arts styles, as with many martial arts, Choy Li Fut has developed into several lineages that may differ in training and style, and even differences in historic perspectives.  It is these developments that caused differences in forms and the application of techniques between branches and schools and contribute to the heated discussions regarding the history of Choy Li Fut.

Choy Li Fut schools can trace their lineage from the schools started by the original 18 disciples Chan Heung sent out in 1848<ref name="CFB"/><ref name="Ref2">http://plumblossom.net/ChoyLiFut/history.html, History translated from the Chan Family History Book.</ref>, and most can easily trace their origins from these four main branches: the King Mui / Chan Family Choy Li Fut Branch, the Fut San / Hung Sing Choy Li Fut Branch, the Jiangmen 江門 or Kong Chow 岡州 Choy Li Fut Branch, and the Buk Sing Choy Li Fut Branch.

=== King Mui Choy Li Fut ===
This lineage or branch is called King Mui (京梅), because the founder’s family came from the King Mui village and it is where [[Chan Heung]] 陳享 officially started teaching Choy Li Fut in 1836.  The Chan family members refer to this branch as the "Chan Family" lineage, because the current successor of this branch is Chan Yiu-Chi 陳耀墀, the son of Chan Koon Pak, and grandson of Chan Heung.

Documentation on this lineage can be traced through [[Doc-Fai Wong]] 黄耀輝. His teacher Hu Yuen-Chou 胡雲綽, studied with Chan Ngau-Sing 陳吽盛 from the age of nine at the Fut San Hung Sing School. When Hu Yuen-Chou 胡雲綽 was 16 years old, his family moved to Guangzhou 廣州. Chan Ngau-Sing wrote a letter to recommend Hu Yuen-Chou 胡雲綽 to learn from Chan Heung's grandson Chan Yiu-Chi 陳耀墀. Hu Yuen-Chou 胡雲綽 spent more than 20 years training with Chan Yiu-Chi 陳耀墀 and became one of the famous four instructors known as the “Four Great Heavenly Kings 四大天王” of Choy Li Fut in Guangzhou.

Tong Shek and Wong Ha were both students of Chan Yiu-Chi 陳耀墀. Hali Wong and Carmen Choi are both students of Wong Ha.  Chan Kit Fong 陳潔芳 is the daughter of Chan Yiu-Chi 陳耀墀. Ng Fu Hang 吳富亨 is the son of Chan Kit Fong 陳潔芳 and a grandson of Chan Yiu-Chi 陳耀墀. Chan Wan Hon and Chan Sun Chiu are both sons of Chan Yiu-Chi 陳耀墀. Chan Yong Fa is the son of Chan Wan Hon and a grandson of Chan Yiu-Chi 陳耀墀. 

Of all the living descendants of Chan Yiu-Chi 陳耀墀, the current successor of the Chan family lineage is the last living son of Chan Yiu-Chi 陳耀墀, Chan Sun Chiu.

=== Jiangmen or Kong Chow Choy Li Fut ===
In 1898, Chan Cheong-Mo 陳長毛 founded the Sei Yup (four counties) Hung Sing School in Kong Chow 岡州 City now called Jiangmen. He learned Choy Li Fut from Chan Heung when he was a child. After Chan Heung died, he continued to study from Chan Heung's eldest son, Chan On-Pak 陳安伯. He invited Chan On Pak's younger brother Chan Koon Pak to be the head instructor and assisted in teaching Choy Li Fut at the school.

Some of Chan On Pak's other students were Yuen Jic, Mun Leung, and Mak Seih Guan. 

Chan Koon Pak had many other students besides his son, Chan Yiu Chi. There are only a few students of his, Ngan Yiu Ting 颜耀庭, Fong Yuk Shu 方玉书, Wong Fook Wing 黄福荣 and Leong Gwei 梁贵, whose teaching legacy is still around today. Other students include: Choy Kwei Yuen, Choy Pak Tat, Choy Pak Hung, Tam Ging Fu,  Wong Pui, Li Heen Jeng, Choy Wei Lam, Li Sek Hei, Jat Geok Mun, Chan Jeong Kum, Chan Siu Hung, Li Sau Ngam, and Woo Kei Biu.  

Though their initial training in Choy Li Fut was in the Fut San kwoon, Wong Fook Wing 黄福荣 and Leong Gwei 梁贵 were later students of Chan Koon Pak. Poon Dik 潘狄 studied under Wong Fook Wing 黄福荣 and Leong Gwei 梁贵. Poon Sing 潘城 was Poon Dik's son and studied directly under him. [http://choylayfut-hk.com/eng/home.html Lee Koon Hung 李冠雄] studied under Poon Sing, as well as Yun Yim Cho, Chow Bing, Leung Sai, and So Kam Fook.  Tai Lam was a student of Chow Bing and Lee Koon Hung. Mak Hin Fai, Tat Mau Wong, John Wai, and Li Siu Hung (brother), were all students of Lee Koon Hung 李冠雄. Daniel Tomazaki was a student of Tat Mau Wong.

In 1906, Chan Koon Pak went to Canton (Guangzhou) and Chan Cheong Mo 陳長毛 officially took over the school and became the head instructor of the Jiangmen Hung Sing School. Before Chan Cheong Mo 陳長毛 died in 1953, his adopted son and successor Chew Kam Wing 赵锦荣 was appointed to be the keeper and head instructor of the Hung Sing School in Jiangmen city.

Chew Kam Wing 赵锦荣 taught in the Jiangmen Hung Sing School until the Chinese government banned traditional kung fu teaching. All of his students eventually stopped practicing and no longer taught Choy Li Fut. Chew Kam Wing 赵锦荣 taught his sons Choy Li Fut privately; unfortunately his sons were not up to the standard that was required for passing down the traditional teaching.

Only few of the senior students of Chan Cheong Mo 陳長毛 are still alive in China. In Hong Kong, Wong Gong 黄江 is the only one.  In Jiangmen city, there are Wong Kan Fu 黄勤富, Lui Sieh Gen 吕社根, and the old keeper Chew Kam Wing 赵锦荣.  

Wong Gong 黄江 was born in 1928 and he is a native of Jiangmen city. He studied kung fu with his father as a child and later became a disciple of Chan Cheong Mo 陳長毛. With his teacher Chan Cheong Mo's 陳長毛 permission, he continued his studies from Chan Yen, the chief instructor of King Mui Village's Hung Sing School.

Chan Yen learned Choy Li Fut from his father Chan Yau Kau who was a student of Chan Heung. In 1949, the communists took over mainland China. Before Wong Gong 黄江 moved to Hong Kong both of his teachers told him to continue teaching in order to keep the Choy Li Fut system alive.

In Hong Kong, Wong Gong 黄江 is still actively involved in teaching Choy Li Fut. Chew Kam Wing 赵锦荣 now is in his mid 80's and he and his fellow classmates had a meeting and all agreed that he should pass on his Keeper's position to Wong Gong 黄江. All the senior members of Chan Cheong Mo's 陳長毛 students believed Wong Gong 黄江 had achieved the greatest success in the teaching of Choy Li Fut. On February 16, 2006, Chew Kam Wing 赵锦荣 officially signed the certificate of Jeong Moon Yen to Wong Gong 黄江 as the new keeper of the Sei Yup Hung Sing Kwoon (Four Counties Hung Sing school).

The Kong Chow lineage of Choy Li Fut was created by Wong Gong in the late 1970s. Wong Gong 黄江 named his lineage Kong Chow 岡州 (Guangzhou) because before the Republic of China, the district of Choy Li Fut’s hometown Xin Hui 新会 and Jiangmen were called Kong Chow 岡州.

When cities in China were updated to their modern names, the old Kong Chow district became part of the city of Jiangmen. Also well known was the Hung Sing School in the Gong Moon district founded by Chan Cheong Mo which was also became part of Jiangmen.

The branch of Choy Li Fut called Kong Chow is now officially renamed the Jiangmen branch of Choy Li Fut. Wong Gong 黄江 was officially given the title "Keeper" by the former Keeper of the Hung Sing School in Jiangmen, Chew Kam Wing, in February 2006.

Wong Gong's 黄江 other teacher Chan Yen was from King Mui Village and had the Chan surname, but he was not a member of the founder's family. Because King Mui Village is now part of Jiangmen City, Chan Yen's teaching are considered to be in the Jiangmen lineage. In other words, since all of Wong Gong's 黄江 teachings are passed down are from the entire Jiangmen area, officially his lineage is now called the Jiangmen branch of Hung Sing Choy Li Fut. 

[[Doc-Fai Wong]] 黄德輝 is a student of Wong Gong 黄江.  Students of Doc-Fai Wong 黄德輝 include Jason J. Wong 黄志刚, Jaime Marquez, Vern Miller, Nathan Fisher, Alan Hubbard, David Dong, Pedro Rico, Neil McRitchie, Munzer Dejani, Sebastian Gonzales, Evelina Lengyel, Niel Willcott, Jo Willcott, Roberto Fasano, Pawel Kijañczyk, Mark Horton, and Michael Punschke.

=== Fut San Hung Sing Choy Li Fut ===
The Fut San Hung Sing branch was started by Chan Din-Foon in 1848. [[Jeong Yim]] 張炎 was the successor to the school in 1867. When [[Jeong Yim]] 張炎 died, his successor was Chan Ngau-Sing 陳吽盛.

The Hung Sing Branch has some differences in the Choy Li Fut curriculum.<ref>Title: The Way of the Warrior - Martial Arts and Fighting Styles from Around the World, Author: Chris Crudelli, page: 124, Hardcover: 360 pages, Publisher: DK ADULT; 3rd edition (September 29, 2008), Language: English, ISBN 0756639751, ISBN 978-0756639754</ref> The orientation of the school was for combat training so the Hung Sing has fewer hand sets; eight as their primary core. The Hung Sing branch is known for its aggressive fighting methods such as continuous non-stop combination<ref>Title: Choy Lay Fut Kung-Fu: Chinese Art of Self-Defense, Author: Leo T. Fong, Paperback, Publisher: Black Belt Communications Inc (June 1972), Language: English, ISBN 0897500350, ISBN 978-0897500357</ref> and exaggerated side stance techniques, as well as some aggressive weapons forms. This curriculum was designed so anti-Qing rebels could quickly gain practical proficiency in unarmed and weapons combat.

The primary eight forms are: Tai Ji Kuen (Great Fist), Ping Ji Kuen (Level Fist), Tin Ji Kuen (Heaven's Fist), Gok Ji Kuen (Nation's Fist), Sup Ji Kuen (Cross Pattern Fist), Cheung Kuen (Long fist), Lin Waan Kaau Da Kuen (Continuous Fighting Fist), and Fut Ga Jeung (Buddha's Palm). In addition to the eight, an apparatus training form called Chi Kuen (Pulling Fist) is taught. The wooden dummy (Ching Jong) apparatus of the Hung Sing branch is referred to as the "Side Body Balance Dummy" designed to mimic the Hung Sing style side body opening salutation. They have a variety of unique weapon and hand sparring forms to teach the practical use of the system.

Some of [[Jeong Yim]]'s 張炎 students include, Wong Say 黄四, Yuen Hai 阮系, Tarm Narp (Nap), Lui Charn (Chaun)雷粲, and Lay Yun. Some of Lay Yun's students were Lau Chung, Choy Yut Kiu (Kiew), Choy Yee Kiu, Chan Say Yu, and Fong Yuk Shi. 

Lay Yun was a student of [[Jeong Yim]]張炎 . Choy Yat Kew was a student of Lay Yun. Kwan Man Keng was a student of Choy Yut Kiu. Kwan Man Keng formed the “Hung Sheng (Sing) Chinese Koontow and Lion Dance Society in Singapore in 1965.  

Fong Yuk Shi was a student of Lay Yun.  Some of Fong Yun Shi's students were Chan Hon Hung, Lum Siu Larp, and Chan Yiu-Chi 陳耀墀 (Chan Heung’s grandson).  Wu Van Cheuk, Kong Yeung, and Li Iu Ling were some of Chan Yiu-Chi's students. Li Iu Ling established the first Choy Li Fut in Australia 1975. 

In 1977 Li Iu Ling returned to Hong Kong, where he received the news that Chan Yiu-Chi's 陳耀墀 grandson, Chen Yong-fa, was hoping to leave China. Li Iu Ling helped Chen Yong-fa to migrate to Australia in 1983, then handed his school over to him. Li Iu Ling later returned to Australia in 1986.

Yuen Hai 阮系 was a student of Jeong Yim 張炎. Yuen Hai 阮系 was Lau Bun 劉彬's teacher. Lau Bun 劉彬<ref>Title: The Dragon and the Tiger: The Oakland Years: Volume 2, Author(s): Sid Campbell and Greglon Lee, Page: 103, Paperback: 288 pages, Publisher: Frog Books (January 20, 2005), Language: English, ISBN 1583941185, ISBN 978-1583941188</ref> established the Wah-Keung Kung Fu club of Choy Li Fut which later became the first Hung Sing Choy Li Fut school in America in 1935.<ref>Title: The Way of the Warrior - Martial Arts and Fighting Styles from Around the World, Author: Chris Crudelli, page: 124, Hardcover: 360 pages, Publisher: DK ADULT; 3rd edition (September 29, 2008), Language: English, ISBN 0756639751, ISBN 978-0756639754</ref> 

Chan Bing-Tong 陳炳棠, Jew Leong 周亮，E.Y. Lee 李日華 and [[Doc-Fai Wong]] 黄德輝 were all students of Lau Bun. Doc-Fai Wong 黄德輝 founded the International Plum Blossom Federation in 1986 in San Francisco, California.

Chin Wai Fong 錢維方, Tong Sek 湯錫 and Hu Yuen Chou 胡雲綽 were students of Chan Ngau-Sing. Ho Churng 何祥 was a student of Chin Wai-Fong 錢維方 and Tong Sek 湯錫. Ho Cherk Wa 何焯華 is the son of Ho Churng and student of Ho Yee 何儀. [http://www.hungsing.com Dino Jew Salvatera] was a student of Chan Bing-Tong 陳炳棠, Jew Leong 周亮, and Ho Cherk Wa 何焯華. Alan Clauson, Jew Dei Loong 周地龍 a student of Jew Leong 周亮, and Dino Jew Salvatera.

This branch is called the Fut San 佛山 lineage because it is from the Hung Sing School of Fut San city, Guangdong 廣東 province. The Buk Sing Choy Li Fut also belongs to this branch. Some people also refer to this branch as the ''Hung Sing branch'' or the ''Jeong Hung Sing branch''.

====Buk Sing Choy Li Fut====
The history of the Buk Sing 北勝 (''buck sing, bok sing, bak sing'') branch of Choy Li Fut 蔡李佛 can be traced back to [[Jeong Yim]] 張炎 in Fut San. [[Jeong Yim]]'s 張炎 primary students were Chan Ngau Sing, Yuan Hai, Tam Lup, Lee Yan and Lui Charn (Chaun)雷粲. Lui Charn had a student named Tam Sam 譚三 (Tarm Sarm).

Tam Sam 譚三 was originally a Hung Gar master and wanted to further his martial arts skill by learning Choy Li Fut. He became a student of Lui Charn. Due to an unfortunate incident between Tam Sam and another students, Lui Charn expelled Tam Sam from the Choy Li Fut school before he completed his training. Thus in the Buk Sing lineage, there are only 3 primary core Choy Li Fut hand forms: Sup Jee Kuen (十字拳), Ping Kuen (平拳), Kau Da (扣打), a staff form: Seung Gaap Daan Gwun 雙夾單棍, and in later years, an original Buk Sing Choy Li Fut form he created.

After his expulsion, Tam Sam 譚三 asked some of Lui Charn's student to help him open a new Choy Li Fut branch in Guangzhuo, Siu Buk 小北 (little north) district and called it Siu Buk Hung Sing Choy Li Fut. Eventually it was shortened to Buk Sing Choy Li Fut. Tam Sam's 譚三 students referred to themselves as the Buk Sing branch of Choy Li Fut. A Northern Shaolin master named [[Ku Yu Cheung|Ku Yu Jeung]] (Gu Ruzhang) befriended and joined Tam Sam 譚三 and thus added more techniques to the Buk Sing Choy Li Fut curriculum.

What makes Buk Sing Choy Li Fut a unique branch is that it concentrates on the application of Choy Li Fut techniques rather than the practice of forms. Because the emphasis is on combat applications, the Buk Sing style, in the tradition of the Jeong Hung Sing, has produced many excellent Choy Li Fut fighters.

From the Buk Sing Choy Li Fut branch - Tam Fei Pang, Leong Ji, Chan Nien Pak, Kong On, Kong Heng, Lee Chow, Mah Yan, Lau Kuru Tong, Lung Tse Cheung, Chang Choy, and Nip Chi Fei, were all students of Tam Sam.  Nip Chee Fei, established a Bak Sing Choy Li Fut school in Ipoh, Malaysia, and Chang Choy established a Buk Sing Choy Li Fut school in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. Kong On also learned from Chow Loong, the founder of Chow Gar, and [[Ku Yu Cheung|Ku Yu Jeung]] (Gu Ruzhang). Kong Hing learned from his father Kong On. Li Hung was a student of Lai Chou and Lung Tse Cheung. 

Dave and Vince Lacey are twin brothers and both were students of Kong Hing and Li Hung. Shane Lacey is son and student of his father [http://www.buksing.com/ Vince Lacey] or Lay Wing Sang. Jason Lacey is the son and student of Dave Lacey.

== Death of the founder ==
When the [[Taiping Rebellion|Tai Ping Tian Guo (太平天國)]] government fell in 1864, Chan Heung 陳享 left China for a few years, some speculate South East Asian locations such as Hong Kong, Malaysia, or Singapore. At age fifty-nine he became the martial arts teacher for the Chan Family Association overseas. In 1867, Chan Heung 陳享 returned home to King Mui, where he was able to see his own kung fu system gain tremendous popularity throughout Southern China. On the lunar calendar 8th moon 20, 1875, at the age of sixty-nine, Chan Heung 陳享 died. He was buried in the village of King Mui.<ref name="CFB"/><ref name="Ref2"/>

After Chan Heung's 陳享death, his Choy Li Fut 蔡李佛 legacy passed on to his two sons, Chan On-Pak 陳安伯 and Chan Koon-Pak 陳官伯. Chan On-Pak 陳安伯 the oldest brother, was born in 1839. His specialty was the spear. Chan On-Pak's 陳安伯 control of the spear was so advanced that he gained the nickname "Yut Cheung Ng Mui Fa" 一槍五梅花 or "Five Blossoms with One Lance."<ref name="CFB"/><ref name="Ref2"/>

In 1894, two of Chan On-Pak's 陳安伯 students, Cheng Si-Leung 鄭士良 and Chan Siu-Bak 陳少白, helped the [[Tongmenghui]] 中國同盟會, the revolutionary forces of Sun Yat-Sen 孫逸仙 fight against the communists and lay the foundation of the Republic of China. The younger son, Chan On-Pak 陳安伯, left King Mui to become a merchant in Kong Moon 江門市(Jiangmen) City, where his fame as a martial artist spread quickly. He soon had no time to spend as a merchant and devoted all of his efforts teaching Choy Li Fut. In later years Chan Koon-Pak 陳官伯 established another large Choy Li Fut training center in Guangzhou 廣州.<ref name="CFB"/><ref name="Ref2"/>

== References ==
<references />

== External links==
'''Choy Li Fut info from China'''
* http://baike.baidu.com/view/401186.htm
* http://baike.baidu.com/view/93489.htm
* http://choylayfut-hk.com

{{Martial arts}}

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