Quelltext der Seite Benutzer:Jorkene/"Bilder trotz allem" - "Sonderkommando Photographs"

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Die sogenannten "Bilder trotz allem"<ref>{{Internetquelle|url=https://www.fink.de/katalog/titel/978-3-7705-4020-4.html|titel=Bilder trotz allem|zugriff=2017-02-23}}</ref> (engl. "[[:en:Sonderkommando_photographs|Sonderkommando photographs]]") sind vier unscharf-verschwommene schwarz-weiss Fotografien.
{{DISPLAYTITLE:Sonderkommando photographs}}
Sie wurden heimlich im August 1944 im Konzentrationslager [[KZ Auschwitz-Birkenau|Auschwitz-Birkenau]] aufgenommen.<ref>Georges Didi-Huberman, ''Bilder trotz allem'', Verlag Wilhelm Fink, Reihe Bild und Text, Paderborn, 1. Aufl. 2007, 2008. Frz. Originalausgabe ''Images malgré tout'', Paris: Les Éditions de Minuit, 2003.</ref> Gemeinsam mit den Aufnahmen der sogenannten "[[Auschwitz-Album|Auschwitz Alben]]" sind sie die einzig bekannten Bilder, die die Vorgänge um die [[Gaskammern und Krematorien der Konzentrationslager Auschwitz|Gaskammern]] herum zeigen.<ref>{{Internetquelle|url=http://www.yadvashem.org/yv/en/education/newsletter/29/photographs_sonderkommando.asp#!prettyPhoto|titel=Inside the Epicenter of the Horror – Photographs of the Sonderkommando - E-Newsletter - Education & E-Learning - Yad Vashem|autor=Franziska Reiniger|hrsg=|werk=|datum=|sprache=en|zitat=Among the millions of photographs that are related to Nazi death camps, only four depict the actual process of mass killing perpetrated at the gas chambers in Auschwitz-Birkenau. They show a completely different perspective, which makes them unique when dealing with visual material of the Holocaust and the Holocaust as a topic itself. They were taken inside the epicenter of the horror, from which no other visual material exists.|zugriff=2017-02-23}}</ref>Sie sind die einzigen bekannten Fotografien, die von Häftlingen selbst aufgenommen wurden.

Die Fotos wurden innerhalb von 15-30 Minuten aufgenommen. Die Urheberschaft wird einem Gefangenen zugeordnet, der in Auschwitz-Birkenau einem der sogenannten Sonderkommandos angehörte. Meist unter dem Name "Alex, jüdischer Gefangener aus Griechenland" bekannt, verrichtete er wie die anderen Angehörigen der [[Sonderkommando KZ Auschwitz-Birkenau|Sonderkommandos]] Zwangsarbeit um die Gaskammern. Mehrere Quellen identifizieren den Häftling als [[Alberto Errera (Offizier)|Alberto Errera]], einen Griechischen a Greek naval officer.<ref name="ErreraID">Gideon Greif, ''We Wept Without Tears: Testimonies of the Jewish Sonderkommando from Auschwitz'', New Haven: Yale University Press, 2005, 375, n.&nbsp;2.{{subst:pb}}
Dan Stone, ''History, Memory and Mass Atrocity'', London: Vallentine Mitchell, 2006, 16.{{subst:pb}}
Steven B. Bowman, ''The Agony of Greek Jews, 1940–1945'', Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2009, 95.{{subst:pb}}
Shlomo Venezia, ''Inside the Gas Chambers: Eight Months in the Sonderkommando of Auschwitz'', New York: John Wiley & Sons, 2013, 90ff.</ref> He took two shots from inside one of the gas chambers and two outside, shooting from the hip, unable to aim the camera with any precision. The [[Polish resistance in World War II|Polish resistance]] smuggled the film out of the camp in a toothpaste tube.<ref name="DH2008p16" />

The photographs were numbered 280–283 by the [[Auschwitz-Birkenau State Museum]].<ref name="Stone2001p143n3">Dan Stone, "The Sonderkommando Photographs," ''Jewish Social Studies'', 7(3), Spring/Summer 2001, (132–148), 143, n.&nbsp;3. {{jstor|4467613}}</ref> Nos. 280 and 281 show the cremation of corpses in a fire pit, shot through the black frame of the gas chamber's doorway or window. No. 282 shows a group of naked women just before they enter the gas chamber. No. 283 is an image of trees, the result of the photographer aiming too high.<ref>Didi-Huberman 2008, 117.</ref>

== Sonderkommando ==
{{main|Sonderkommando}}
{{multiple image|direction=vertical|width=220 <!--thumb-->|image1=Auschwitz Resistance 280.jpg|caption1=No.&nbsp;280, framed by the gas chamber's doorway or window|image2=Auschwitz Resistance 280 cropped.jpg|caption2=No.&nbsp;280 cropped|image3=Auschwitz Resistance 281.jpg|caption3=No. 281|image4=Auschwitz Resistance 281 cropped.jpg|caption4=No. 281 cropped and retouched}}
The ''Sonderkommando'' ("special commandos") in Auschwitz were mostly Jewish inmates, and at one point a few Russian prisoners-of-war, who were forced to work in the [[Cremation|crematoria]]. The crematoria contained the ''Entkleidungskammer'' (undressing rooms), gas chambers and furnaces.<ref>Franciszek Piper, "Gas Chambers and Crematoria," in Gutman and Berenbaum 1998 (157–178), 167–168.</ref> In the summer of 1944 the camp had up to 1,000 ''Sonderkommando''<ref>Danuta Czech, "The Auschwitz Prisoner Administration," in Yisrael Gutman, Michael Berenbaum (eds.), ''Anatomy of the Auschwitz Death Camp'', Indiana University Press, 1998, 372.</ref> working in four crematoria (nos. II-V), and a bunker with extra gas chambers, housed in a thatched brick building known as the "little white house".<ref>Piper 1998, 161–168, 173–174.</ref>

After inmates had been "selected" as unfit for work by the [[Schutzstaffel|SS]], the ''Sonderkommando'' usually took them to the undressing room, then walked them to the gas chamber, telling them they were being taken to the bathing and disinfection room.<ref>Greif 2005, 12–13, 134–135.</ref> To avoid panic, inmates were given a numbered hook for their belongings in the undressing room to make them believe they would be returning.<ref>Piper 1998, 173.</ref>

Afterwards the ''Sonderkommando'' moved the bodies out of the gas chamber, removed gold fillings, false teeth, hair, jewellery and spectacles, and disposed of the corpses, at first in mass graves, later in furnaces and fire pits. Then they cleaned the gas chamber for the next arrivals.<ref>Graif 2005, [https://books.google.com/books?id=IpGzGE6UK7wC&pg=PA5 5–8], 15–16, [https://books.google.com/books?id=IpGzGE6UK7wC&pg=PA321 321].</ref>

== Taking the photographs ==
The photographer is usually named only as Alex, a Jewish inmate from Greece. Several sources have identified him as [[Alberto Errera]], a Greek naval officer who was shot and killed after striking an SS officer.<ref>Dan Stone, ''History, Memory and Mass Atrocity'', Vallentine Mitchell, 2006, 16.</ref><ref>For Errera's details, Greif 2005, 375, n.&nbsp;2.{{subst:pb}}
Steven B. Bowman, ''The Agony of Greek Jews, 1940–1945'', Stanford University Press, 2009, 95.{{subst:pb}}
Shlomo Venezia, ''Inside the Gas Chambers: Eight Months in the Sonderkommando of Auschwitz'', John Wiley & Sons, 2013, 90ff.</ref> Errera's code name was Alekos Alexandridis.<ref>Bowman 2009, 271.</ref> Other members of the ''Sonderkommando'' in the camp's crematorium V—Alter Fajnzylberg (also known as Stanislaw Jankowski), brothers Shlomo and Josel Dragon, and David Szmulewski—helped obtain and hide the camera, and acted as look-outs.<ref name="Stone2001p132">[http://www.jstor.org/stable/4467613 Stone 2001], 132.</ref> Fajnzylberg, who had worked at crematorium V since July 1943,<ref>Jean-Claude Pressac, ''Auschwitz: Technique and Operation of the Gas Chambers'', Beate Klarsfeld Foundation, 1989, 124.</ref> described how the photographs came to be taken:

<blockquote style="border-left: 3px solid #ccc;">On the day on which the pictures were taken&nbsp;... we allocated tasks. Some of us were to guard the person taking the pictures. In other words, we were to keep a careful watch for the approach of anyone who did not know the secret, and above all for any SS men moving about in the area. At last the moment came. We all gathered at the western entrance leading from the outside to the gas-chamber of Crematorium V: we could not see any SS men in the watchtower overlooking the door from the barbed wire, nor near the place where the pictures were to be taken. Alex, the Greek Jew, quickly took out his camera, pointed it towards a heap of burning bodies, and pressed the shutter. This is why the photograph shows prisoners from the ''Sonderkommando'' working at the heap. One of the SS was standing beside them, but his back was turned towards the crematorium building. Another picture was taken from the other side of the building, where women and men were undressing among the trees. They were from a transport that was to be murdered in the gas-chamber of Crematorium V.<ref>Janina Struk, ''Photographing the Holocaust: Interpretations of the Evidence'', I. B. Tauris, 2004, 114.</ref></blockquote>

Fajnzylberg recalled that the camera looked like a German [[Leica Camera|Leica]].<ref name="Struk2004p115">Struk 2004, 115.</ref> Szmulewski had hidden it in a bucket, and stayed on the roof of the crematorium as a look-out while Alex shot the film.<ref name="DH2008p16">Didi-Huberman 2008, [https://books.google.com/books?id=CXuNvssxILIC&pg=PA16 16].</ref> Fajnzylberg stressed that, although Alex had pressed the shutter, all five men had been present and had acted together.<ref name="Struk2004p115" /> According to Szmulewski, speaking in 1987 to [[Jean-Claude Pressac]], the four photographs were taken within 15–30 minutes of each other. The black frame of the gas chamber's doorway or window, probably doorway, is visible in photographs 280 and 281.<ref name="Pressac1989p424">Pressac 1989, 424.</ref>

The film was smuggled out of the camp by the Polish underground, hidden inside a tube of toothpaste by Helena Dantón, who worked in the SS canteen. A note dated 4 September 1944 and signed Stakło, written by political prisoners [[Józef Cyrankiewicz]] and [[Stanisław Kłodziński]], was attached to the film.<ref name="DH2008p16" /> It asked that the photographs be sent to "Tell", Teresa Łasocka-Estreicher of the underground in Kraków:<ref>[http://www.jstor.org/stable/4467613 Stone 2001], 148, n.&nbsp;48.</ref>

<blockquote style="border-left: 3px solid #ccc;">Urgent. Send two metal rolls of film for 6x9 as fast as possible. Have possibility of taking photos. Sending you photos of Birkenau showing prisoners sent to gas chambers. One photos shows one of the stakes at which bodies were burned when the crematoria could not manage to burn all the bodies. The bodies in the foreground are waiting to be thrown into the fire. Another picture shows one of the places in the forest where people undress before 'showering'—as they were told—and then go to the gas-chambers. Send film roll as fast as you can. Send the enclosed photos to Tell—we think enlargements of the photos can be sent further.<ref>Didi-Huberman 2008, 16–17.</ref></blockquote>

== Originals ==
[[Datei:Sonderkommando_photograph_283.jpg|miniatur|No. 283: Trees near the gas chamber, taken shortly after No. 282. The photographer, shooting from the hip, aimed the camera too high.]]
When the photographs were first distributed by the [[Polish resistance in World War II|Polish resistance]], they were cropped to focus on the figures, with the black frames in the two fire-pit images removed. Photography historian Janina Struk writes that Teresa Łasocka-Estreicher ("Tell" in the note from the camp) asked Polish photographer {{Interlanguage link multi|Stanisław Mucha|pl|Stanisław Mucha (fotograf)}} to make prints, and it is assumed that it was Mucha who decided to crop them.<ref name="Struk2004p118">Struk 2004, 118.</ref>

Some of the cropped images were published in 1945, attributed to the ''Sonderkommando'' member David Szmulewski, in a report on Auschwitz-Birkenau by [[Jan Sehn]], a Polish judge.<ref>Pressac 1989, 422.</ref> One was exhibited at Auschwitz in 1947, and others were published in 1958 in Warsaw in a book by Stanisław Wrzos-Glinka, Tadeusz Mazur and Jerzy Tomaszewski, ''1939–1945: Cierpienie i walka narodu polskiego'' (published in English as ''1939–1945: We Have Not Forgotten''). Some of the figures had been retouched to make them clearer.<ref name="Struk2004p117" />

Struk writes that, in 1960, Władyslaw Pytlik of the resistance movement in Brzeszcze offered testimony about his wartime experiences to the [[Auschwitz-Birkenau State Museum]], and brought along three prints of the cropped photographs.<ref name="Struk2004p117">Struk 2004, 117.</ref> It was only in 1985, after Pytlik died and his wife donated his photographs to the museum, including the uncropped versions, that the museum realized the prints they had seen before had been cropped.<ref name="Struk2004p118" />

Commentators have argued that the cropping offers a distorted view of events, giving the impression that the photographer was able to use his camera openly. In fact he and the rest of the group placed themselves in great danger by taking the shots; in two of them, 282 and 283, it is clear that he was not even able to look through the lens.<ref>[http://www.yadvashem.org/yv/en/education/newsletter/29/photographs_sonderkommando.asp Reiniger (Yad Vashem)].</ref> The art historian [[Georges Didi-Huberman]] argues that the cropping makes the photographs appear safe, erases the act of resistance and the [[Phenomenology (psychology)|phenomenology]] of the images, the process that "made them an event":

<blockquote style="border-left: 3px solid #ccc;">The ''mass of black'' that surrounds the sight of the cadavers and the pits, this mass where ''nothing is visible'' gives in reality a ''visual mark'' that is just as valuable as all the rest of the exposed surface. That mass where nothing is visible is the space of the gas chamber: the ''dark room'' into which one had to retreat, to step back, in order to give light to the work of the ''Sonderkommando'' outside, above the pyres. That mass of black gives us the situation itself, the space of possibility, the condition of existence of the photographs themselves.<ref>Didi-Huberman 2008, 35–36.</ref></blockquote>

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
{{reflist|25em}}

== Further reading ==
{{Commons category|Auschwitz resistance photos}}
* Nathan Cohen, "Diaries of the Sonderkommando," in Yisrael Gutman, Michael Berenbaum (eds.), ''Anatomy of the Auschwitz Death Camp'', Indiana University Press, 1998, [https://books.google.com/books?id=mub823JQrdUC&pg=PA522 522ff].
* Teresa Swilebocka (ed.), ''Auschwitz: A History in Photographs'', Indiana University Press, 1993.

{{The Holocaust}}
{{Holocaust Poland}}

[[:Kategorie:1944 works]]
[[:Kategorie:Black-and-white photographs]]
[[:Kategorie:Holocaust historical documents]]
[[:Kategorie:Photographic collections and books]]

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