Quelltext der Seite Benutzer:Krokodilgemüse/Robert Robinson Taylor

{{Importartikel}} 
'''Robert Robinson Taylor''' (*[[9. Juni]] 1868 in ; †[[13. Dezember]] 1942 in) war ein US-amerikanischer Architekt. Er war der erste zugelassene afroamerikanische Architekt.<ref name="" > <ref name="encyclopedia">[[Ellen Weiss (academic)|Ellen Weiss]], [http://www.encyclopediaofalabama.org/face/Article.jsp?id=h-3252 Robert Robinson Taylor], [[Encyclopedia of Alabama]]</ref> Er war im Jahr 1888 ebenfalls der erste am MIT eingeschriebene Student afroamerikanischer Herkunft.[[Massachusetts Institute of Technology]].<ref name="encyclopedia"/> Additionally, he designed many of the buildings on the campus of [[Tuskegee University]] prior to 1932, and he served as second-in-command to its founder and first President, [[Booker T. Washington]].

==Kindheit und Jugend==
Robert Robinson Taylor was born on June 8, 1868, in [[Wilmington, North Carolina]].<ref name="encyclopedia"/><ref name="mitlibrary">{{cite web |last=Williams |first=Clarence G. |url=http://libraries.mit.edu/archives/mithistory/blacks-at-mit/taylor.html |title=From 'Tech' to Tuskegee: The Life of Robert Robinson Taylor, 1868-1942 |date=13 January 1998 |publisher=Massachusetts Institute of Technology}}</ref> His father, Henry Taylor, worked as a carpenter and businessman, born into [[Slavery in the United States|slavery]] but freed in 1847 by his father and owner Angus Taylor. His mother, Emily Still, was the daughter of [[freedmen]] even prior to the Civil War.<ref name="encyclopedia"/> Er hatte vier Geschwister.<ref name="encyclopedia"/>

Robert Robinson Taylor attended the [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology]] in 1888, where he studied architecture.<ref name="encyclopedia"/> In June 1890 and again in September 1891, he was recommended for the [[Loring Scholarship]], which he held for two consecutive academic years: 1890-1891 and 1891-1892. During his course of study at MIT, he talked in person on more than one occasion with Booker T. Washington.<ref name="mitlibrary"/> What Washington had in mind was for Taylor to develop the industrial program at Tuskegee and to plan and direct the construction of new buildings for the campus.<ref name="mitlibrary"/> At the MIT faculty meeting on May 26, 1892, Taylor was one of twelve students in [[Course IV]] recommended for the degree in architecture.<ref name="mitlibrary"/> The class of 1892 was the largest on record since MIT's founding.<ref name="mitlibrary"/> After graduation Taylor did not head directly to Tuskegee. He finally accepted the Tuskegee offer in the fall or winter of 1892.<ref name="mitlibrary"/>

==Beruf==
Taylor's first building project on the [[Tuskegee University]] campus was the Science Hall (Thrasher Hall) completed in 1893.<ref name="encyclopedia"/><ref name="mitlibrary"/> The new Science Hall was constructed entirely by students, using bricks made also by students under Taylor's supervision.<ref name="mitlibrary"/> The project epitomized Washington's philosophy of instilling in Tuskegee students, the descendants of former enslaved Africans, the value and dignity of physical labor and it provided an example to the world of the capabilities of African Americans in the building trades, and it underscored the larger potential of the manual training curricula being developed at Tuskegee.<ref name="mitlibrary"/> A number of other buildings followed, including the original Tuskegee Chapel, erected between 1895 and 1898.<ref name="encyclopedia"/><ref name="mitlibrary"/> After the Chapel came The Oaks, built in 1899, home of the Tuskegee University president.<ref name="encyclopedia"/><ref name="mitlibrary"/>

From 1899 to 1902, he returned to [[Cleveland, Ohio]], to work on his own and for the architectural firm of [[Charles W. Hopkinson]].<ref name="encyclopedia"/><ref name="mitlibrary"/> Upon his return to Tuskegee from Cleveland in 1902, he was architect and director of "mechanical industries" until his retirement in the mid-1930s.<ref name="mitlibrary"/> To develop a sound curriculum at Tuskegee, both Washington and Taylor drew inspiration from MIT as a model.<ref name="mitlibrary"/> Taylor's own admiration for MIT as a model for Tuskegee's development was conveyed in a speech that he delivered at MIT in 1911.<ref name="mitlibrary"/> Taylor cited examples to the 1911 US Congress in a paper to illustrate the kinds of rigorous ideas, approaches, and methods that Tuskegee had adopted from MIT and successfully applied within the context of a black educational institution.<ref name="mitlibrary"/>

Taylor also designed buildings that were not at Tuskegee. These include Carnegie libraries at [[Wiley College]] in [[Marshall, Texas]], and at [[Livingstone College]] in [[Salisbury, North Carolina]]. With his later partner, the black architect [[Louis H. Persley]], he did large buildings at [[Selma University]] in [[Selma, Alabama]], and the [[Colored Masonic Temple]], which is also an office building and entertainment venue, in [[Birmingham, Alabama]].<ref name="encyclopedia"/><ref>{{cite book |last=Weiss |first=Ellen |authorlink=Ellen Weiss |title=Robert R. Taylor and Tuskegee: An African American Architect Designs for Booker T. Washington |url=http://www.newsouthbooks.com/bkpgs/detailtitle.php?isbn_solid=1588382486 |year=2011 |publisher=NewSouth Books |location=Montgomery |isbn= 978-1-58838-248-1 |pages= 114–115, 141–144}}</ref>

He served for a period as vice-principal of Tuskegee, beginning in 1925.<ref name="mitlibrary"/> In 1929, under the joint sponsorship of the Phelps-Stokes Fund, the Liberian government, and Firestone Rubber, he went to [[Kakata]], [[Liberia]] to lay out architectural plans and devise a program in industrial training for the proposed [[Booker Washington Institute]] – "the Tuskegee of Africa."<ref name="encyclopedia"/><ref name="mitlibrary"/> Robert Taylor served on the Mississippi Valley Flood Relief Commission, appointed by President [[Herbert Hoover]], and was chairman of the Tuskegee chapter of the [[American Red Cross]].<ref name="mitlibrary"/>

Following his retirement to his native [[Wilmington, North Carolina]], in 1935, the governor of North Carolina appointed Taylor to the board of trustees of what is now [[Fayetteville State University]].<ref name="mitlibrary"/> Moreover, in 1942, less than a decade after his retirement from Tuskegee, he wrote to the secretary of his MIT class indicating that he had just been released from treatment for an unspecified illness at the [[Mayo Clinic]] in [[Rochester, Minnesota]].<ref name="mitlibrary"/> "Thanks to a kind Providence and skillful physicians," he said, "I am much better now."<ref name="mitlibrary"/>

==Privatleben==
1898 heiratete er Beatrice Rochon Taylor.<ref name="encyclopedia"/> Sie hatten vier Kinder.<ref name="encyclopedia"/> After she died in 1906, he remarried in 1912 to Nellie Chestnut Taylor.<ref name="encyclopedia"/> They had one child.<ref name="encyclopedia"/>

==Tod==
He died on December 13, 1942, while attending services in the Tuskegee Chapel, the building that he considered his most outstanding achievement as an architect.<ref>[http://libraries.mit.edu/archives/mithistory/blacks-at-mit/taylor.html Robert Robinson Taylor: Institute Archives &amp; Special Collections.] MIT Institute Archives & Special Collections</ref> He was buried at the [[Pine Forest Cemetery]] in Wilmington, North Carolina.<ref name="encyclopedia"/>

==Erbe==
The housing project in Chicago, Robert Taylor Homes, was named after his son, [[Robert Rochon Taylor]], a civic leader and former Chairman of the Chicago Housing Authority.

The US Postal Service has a postage stamp with his likeness.<ref>https://s-media-cache-ak0.pinimg.com/736x/f4/0b/d1/f40bd120ee5482f48bf5ba290844e3c2.jpg</ref>

His great-granddaughter, [[Valerie Jarrett]], was a Senior Advisor to Former President Barack Obama.

==Projekte==
*Huntington Hall (1900)
*Emery dormitories 4 buildings (1900)
*Dorothy Hall (1901) [[Tuskegee Institute]]
*Women's Trades Building (1901)
*[[Carnegie Library]] (1901)
*Administration Building (1902–03)
*Rockefeller Hall (1903)
*Men's residence Hall (1904)
*Douglass Hall (1904)
*Collis P. Huntington Memorial Building academic building(1904–05)
*Tantum Hall (1907)
*Milbank Agriculture Building (1909)
*Tompkins Hall, dining facility (1910)
*White Hall, women's dormitory (1910)
*[[John A. Andrew Memorial Hospital]] (1913)
*Laundry, now [[The George Washington Carver Museum]] (1915)
*James Hall (1921)
*Sage Hall (1927)
*Wilcox Trade Buildings, architecture buildings (1928)
*Logan Hall, old gym (1931)
*Armstrong Science Building (1932)
*Hollis Burke Frissell Library (1932)

==Einzelnachweise==
<{{}}
*[http://libraries.mit.edu/archives/mithistory/blacks-at-mit/img/rrt-002.gif Photo of Robert R. Taylor]

{{Normdaten|TYP=p|GND=|LCCN=|NDL=|VIAF=}}

{{SORTIERUNG:Taylor, Robert R.}}
<nowiki>[[-Kategorie:Geboren 1868]]
[[-Kategorie:Gestorben 1942]]
[[-Category:People from Wilmington, North Carolina]]
[[-Category:Massachusetts Institute of Technology alumni]]
[[-Category:African-American architects]]
[[-Category:American architects]]
[[-Category:Fayetteville State University]]
[[-Category:Tuskegee University]]
{{Personendaten
|NAME=Taylor, Robert Robinson
|ALTERNATIVNAMEN=
|KURZBESCHREIBUNG=amerikanischer Architekt
|GEBURTSDATUM=8. Juni 1868
|GEBURTSORT=Wilmington, North Carolina
|STERBEDATUM=13. Dezember 1942
|STERBEORT=Tuskegee, Alabama
}}</nowiki>