Quelltext der Seite Benutzer:Shi Annan/Battle of Juba 2016

{{Importartikel}} 
<!--Battle of Juba
| partof      = the [[South Sudanese Civil War]]
| image       = Casualty of 2016 Juba clashes.png
| caption     = A civilian casualty of the battle is carried to a makeshift grave.
| date        = 7–11 July 2016   place       = [[Juba]], [[South Sudan]]
| result      = Kiir-loyalist victory
* Ceasefire declared in Juba on 11 July 2016<ref name="Þ"/>
* Civil war fully resumed{{sfnp|Martell|2018|pp=253–254}}
| combatant1  = Soldiers loyal to [[Salva Kiir Mayardit]]
| combatant2  = Soldiers loyal to [[Riek Machar]] ([[Sudan People's Liberation Movement-in-Opposition|SPLM-IO]])
| commander1  = Salva Kiir Mayardit{{sfnp|Martell|2018|p=249}}<br/>[[Paul Malong Awan]]<ref name= hrw>{{cite web |url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2016/08/15/south-sudan-killings-rapes-looting-juba|title=South Sudan: Killings, Rapes, Looting in Juba|date=15 August 2016|publisher=[[Human Rights Watch]]|access-date=11 October 2019}}</ref>
| units1      = Presidential Guard (Tiger Battalion)<br/>[[Mathiang Anyoor]]<br/>[[South Sudan Air Force]]
| units2      = Machar's bodyguards
| strength1   = Unknown
| strength2   = 1,400+{{sfnp|Martell|2018|p=247}}
| casualties3 = 300+ killed (including 2 Chinese U.N. peacekeepers)<ref name="300killed"/><ref name="verge"/><ref name="chinese"/>-->
Die '''Schlacht von Juba''' 2016 (''Battle of Juba'') war eine Reihe von Gefechten in [[Juba]], der Hauptstadt des [[Südsudan]]. Die Auseinandersetzungen wurden zwischen rivalisierenden Faktionen der [[Sudan People’s Liberation Army]] (SPLA) geführt, welche zum einen loyal gegenüber Präsident [[Salva Kiir]] und andererseits gegenüber Vizepräsident [[Riek Machar]] waren.

== Hintergrund ==
Im August 2015 unterzeichneten beide Seiten eined a peace agreement to end the South Sudanese Civil War. Machar was later reappointed as Vice-President in April 2016.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-36140423|title=South Sudan rebel chief Riek Machar sworn in as vice-president|date=26 April 2016|access-date=11 July 2016|publisher=BBC}}</ref> At least 1,400 soldiers loyal to Machar moved into Juba before he returned, setting up a camp near the barracks of Kiir-loyal troops. Both sides were deeply suspicious of each other.{{sfnp|Martell|2018|p=247}} On 3 July, a soldier loyal to Machar, Lt.Colonel George Gismala  was killed by government security personnel. The killing led to a rise in tensions within some security forces in Juba.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://radiotamazuj.org/en/article/shooting-military-officer-juba|title=Shooting of military officer in Juba {{!}} Radio Tamazuj|access-date=2017-03-06|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170307071104/https://radiotamazuj.org/en/article/shooting-military-officer-juba|archive-date=2017-03-07|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Battle==
The fighting started with an incident on 7 July, as soldiers loyal to Machar were stopped at a checkpoint in Juba's Gudele district. Violence erupted,{{sfnp|Martell|2018|p=248}} reportedly initiated by government soldiers.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-36744636|title=South Sudan: Heavy gunfire following death of soldiers|publisher=BBC|date=8 July 2016|access-date=9 July 2016}}</ref> The incident left five Kiir-loyalist soldiers dead and two soldiers of unspecified affiliation injured.<ref>{{cite web|access-date=10 July 2016|publisher=Xinhua|date=8 July 2016|url=http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2016-07/09/c_135499508.htm|title=South Sudan leaders appeal for calm after clashes in Juba}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/07/11/world/africa/south-sudan-fighting.html|title=New Wave of Violence Ripples Through South Sudan's Capital|last1=Fortin|first1=Jacey|date=2016-07-10|last2=Kron|first2=Josh|newspaper=The New York Times|issn=0362-4331|access-date=2016-07-11}}</ref> In the following night, government troops attacked armored cars belonging to [[United States]] diplomats, though nobody was hurt.{{sfnp|Martell|2018|pp=248–249}}

On 8 July, Kiir and Machar met in the presidential palace for a press conference, attempting to defuse the situation.{{sfnp|Martell|2018|p=249}}<ref name="poiuyt">{{cite web|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-southsudan-security-idUSKCN0ZP075|title=At least 115 soldiers killed in South Sudan clashes: opposition|date=9 July 2016|access-date=9 July 2016|publisher=Reuters|last1=Dumo|first1=Denis|last2=Biryabarema|first2=Elias}}</ref> As the two talked to journalists, Machar's bodyguards parked their cars next to those of Kiir's Presidential Guard (known as "Tiger Battalion").{{sfnp|Martell|2018|p=249}} After a short time, both sides started shooting each other.{{sfnp|Martell|2018|p=249}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.radioaustralia.net.au/international/2016-07-10/at-least-150-soldiers-killed-as-south-sudan-marks-fifth-independence-anniversary/1597512?|publisher=ABC|title=At least 150 soldiers killed as South Sudan marks fifth independence anniversary|date=9 July 2016|access-date=9 July 2016}}</ref> It remained unclear who started, as both sides would later blame each other; in any case, both Machar and Kiir loyalists were eager for a fight. Chaos erupted, and Kiir personally saved Machar from death. As the fighting temporarily abated, the President brought his rival to a car, shielding him with his own body and ensuring that he could escape. Journalist Peter Martell argued that this action was probably not motivated by any sympathy of Kiir for Machar, but the former's belief that it would reflect badly on him if his rival were to be killed at the presidential palace.{{sfnp|Martell|2018|p=249}} The clashes subsequently spread across the city. The army barracks erupted in violence. Shooting occurred outside a [[United Nations|UN]] base,<ref>{{cite web|publisher=Al Jazeera|url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2016/07/south-sudan-scores-dead-independence-anniversary-160709090438275.html|title=South Sudan: 'Scores dead' on independence anniversary|date=9 July 2016|access-date=9 July 2016}}</ref> where one death was reported.<ref>{{cite web|publisher=Gulf Today|url=http://gulftoday.ae/portal/86bfdc4d-b832-49bb-826f-0f7c149a40bd.aspx?|title=S.Sudan clashes kill over 150 soldiers|date=9 July 2016|access-date=9 July 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160709211409/http://gulftoday.ae/portal/86bfdc4d-b832-49bb-826f-0f7c149a40bd.aspx|archive-date=9 July 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref> Government loyalist forces poured into Juba, eventually securing most of it. Fighting on 8 July left 35 SPLM-IO soldiers and 80 government soldiers dead.<ref name="poiuyt"/>

{{Quote box|width=246px|bgcolor=#c6dbf7|align=left|quote=I have been a soldier since I was a child. I never experienced a battle like that. It was soldier on soldier, and then soldier on civilian. The dead lined the streets.|source=—Richard Bida, [[Sudan People's Liberation Army|SPLA]] lieutenant{{sfnp|Martell|2018|pp=249–250}} }}

The next day was mostly calm, but Kiir ordered his troops to finally hunt down and kill Machar on 10 July.{{sfnp|Martell|2018|p=249}} Fighting was concentrated in Jebel and Gudele, where rebel bases were located, as well as in a UN base.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ctvnews.ca/world/renewed-fighting-breaks-out-across-south-sudan-capital-1.2980833|title=Renewed fighting breaks out across South Sudan capital|date=10 July 2016|publisher=CTV|access-date=10 July 2016}}</ref> Loud explosions and gunfire were also heard near the airport.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2016/07/south-sudan-fighting-gunfire-erupts-juba-160710064423699.html|title=South Sudan fighting: Gunfire erupts again in Juba|date=10 July 2016|access-date=10 July 2016|publisher=Al Jazeera}}</ref> The government troops used tanks to break through the defenses of Machar's personal compound, forcing him to flee on foot. The [[South Sudan Air Force]]'s fighter jets and attack helicopters indiscriminately attacked rebel forces, uncaring of civilian casualties.{{sfnp|Martell|2018|p=249}} In Jebel, rebel camps were bombed by government helicopters.<ref name="a"/> Two Chinese peacekeepers were killed and 8 others were wounded,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2016-07/11/c_135505093.htm?|title=Two Chinese UN peacekeepers killed in South Sudan capital fighting|publisher=Xinhua|date=11 July 2016|access-date=11 July 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|publisher=Reuters|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-south-sudan-security-casualties-idUSKCN0ZQ08J|title=Renewed fighting erupts in South Sudan as fears of civil war mount|last=Dumo|first=Denis|date=10 July 2016|access-date=10 July 2016}}</ref> when their [[armoured personnel carrier]] was hit by a bomb inside the U.N. base.{{sfnp|Martell|2018|p=251}} The government soldiers also attacked civilians based on ethnicity, resulting in thousands fleeing for their lives.{{sfnp|Martell|2018|pp=249–250}} The fighting initially ended when a thunderstorm began.<ref name="a"/> At least 272 people, including 33 civilians, were killed during the fighting on 8 July.<ref name="verge">{{cite web|title=South Sudan on verge of civil war, death toll rises|url=http://www.dailysabah.com/africa/2016/07/12/south-sudan-on-verge-of-civil-war-death-toll-rises|website=|publisher=|access-date=11 July 2016}}</ref>

The battle resumed on 11 July,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-36762831|title=South Sudan: Clashes erupt in Juba hours after UN plea|publisher=BBC|date=11 July 2016|access-date=11 July 2016}}</ref> and Gudele and Jebel remained hotspots of violence. Explosions hit Tomping, where the airport, embassies, and a U.N. base are located.<ref>{{cite web|publisher=France 24|url=http://www.france24.com/en/20160711-south-sudan-very-heavy-fighting-juba-kiir-machar?|title=Explosions and heavy weapons gunfire shook South Sudan's capital, Juba, Monday in the fifth day of clashes between government and opposition forces, raising the spectre of a return to civil war.|date=11 July 2016|access-date=11 July 2016}}</ref> Mortars were heard in the downtown area.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2016/07/south-sudan-security-council-demands-ceasefire-160711043656662.html|title=South Sudan crisis: Renewed fighting in Juba|date=11 July 2015|publisher=Al Jazeera|access-date=11 July 2016}}</ref> Eight people in a UN refugee camp were killed and 67 were injured from gunfire.<ref>{{cite web|publisher=CBC|date=11 July 2016|access-date=11 July 2016|last=Thompson|first=Carolyn|title='A tent cannot stop a bullet': 8 killed and dozens injured at UN camp in South Sudan|url=http://www.cbc.ca/news/world/south-sudan-violence-jaba-ceasefire-1.3674019?cmp=rss}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/jul/11/south-sudan-dire-deteriorating-fighting-juba-humanitarian-crisis|title=South Sudan's situation 'dire and deteriorating' as fighting in Juba rages|work=The Guardian|date=12 July 2016|access-date=12 July 2016|first=Jason|last=Burke}}</ref> A ceasefire was announced;<ref name="Þ">{{cite web|url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2016/07/south-sudan-president-declares-unilateral-ceasefire-160711151349444.html|access-date=12 July 2016|date=11 July 2016|publisher=Al Jazeera|title=South Sudan's warring factions declare ceasefire}}</ref> however, reports of gunfire continued.<ref name="z">{{cite web|publisher=BBC|title=South Sudan clashes: Salva Kiir and Riek Machar order ceasefire|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-36763076|date=11 July 2016|access-date=12 July 2016}}</ref> By the morning of 12 July, it appeared that the ceasefire was holding.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-36772762|title=South Sudan ceasefire declared by Kiir and Machar holding|date=12 July 2016|access-date=12 July 2016|publisher=BBC}}</ref> Regardless, government troops including [[Mathiang Anyoor]] militiamen continued to loot the city.{{sfnp|Martell|2018|p=251}}

Approximately 50 to 100 soldiers looted the Terrain Hotel, where they proceeded to murder journalist John Gatluak  and rape five women.<ref name="reuters">{{cite news |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-southsudan-security/south-sudan-soldiers-sentenced-to-jail-for-murder-rape-in-2016-hotel-raid-idUSKCN1LM0XK?il=0 |title=South Sudan soldiers sentenced to jail for murder, rape in 2016 hotel raid |publisher=[[Reuters]] |first=Denis |last=Dumo |editor-first=Angus |editor-last=MacSwan |editor2-first=Raissa |editor2-last=Kasolowsky}}</ref> 10 soldiers were sentenced to jail for the crimes in August 2018.<ref name="reuters"/>

Even days after the battle had ended, soldiers were stopping women venturing out of civilian camps to steal from and rape them. [[Human Rights Watch]] commented that had UN peacekeepers had patrolled "key areas", fewer rapes would have occurred. On 4 August, [[OHCHR]] stated that there had been more than 200 reported cases of sexual assault in Juba. The HRW also noted that the UNMISS peacekeepers at Thongpiny base took more than six hours to let fleeing civilians in. During and after the battle, government forces blocked fleeing civilians, and a journalist who had written a critical editorial on the clashes was detained.<ref name= hrw/>

==Aftermath==
{{further|Operation Sankat Mochan (India)}}
[[File:SPLA soldiers near Juba (April 2016) 2.jpg|thumb|right|[[Sudan People's Liberation Army|SPLA]] soldiers near [[Juba]], shortly after the clashes in the city.]]

Overall at least 300 people were killed in the fighting,<ref name="300killed">[https://news.yahoo.com/least-300-killed-latest-south-sudan-violence-un-110312487.html At least 300 killed in latest South Sudan violence: UN]</ref> including at least 33 civilians<ref name="verge"/> and 2 Chinese U.N. peacekeepers.<ref name="chinese">[https://www.wsj.com/articles/violence-in-south-sudan-kills-chinese-u-n-peacekeeper-1468224678 Violence in South Sudan Kills Two Chinese U.N. Peacekeepers]</ref> 11 Ugandans were also among the dead.<ref>[2 Chinese U.N. peacekeepers Government says 11 Ugandans killed in recent South Sudan clashes]</ref> Approximately 36,000 civilians fled parts of the city due to the clashes.<ref>{{cite web|publisher=Belfast Telegraph|date=11 July 2016|access-date=11 July 2016|url=http://www.belfasttelegraph.co.uk/news/world-news/civil-war-fears-as-as-heavy-arms-fire-rocks-south-sudan-capital-34872636.html?|agency=Associated Press|title=Civil war fears as heavy arms fire rocks South Sudan capital}}</ref> Many stores had been looted during the conflict.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.voanews.com/content/shaky-south-sudan-truce-holds-juba-residents-find-looted-markets/3415594.html?|title=Shaky S. Sudan Truce Holds as Juba Residents Find Looted Markets|last=Justin|first=Tito|date=12 July 2016|publisher=Voice of America|access-date=2016-07-13}}</ref>

There were around 600 Indians in South Sudan; around 450 in Juba and others elsewhere in the country at the time of conflict. Two [[Boeing C-17 Globemaster III|C-17 Globemasters]] of the [[Indian Air Force]] were deployed to evacuate Indians and other foreign nationals. The first flight left Juba on 15 July (South Sudan Time) carrying 143 individuals including 10 women and 3 infants. It landed in Kerala on 16 July. The operation was codenamed [[Operation Sankat Mochan (India)|Operation Sankat Mochan]] (lit. Saviour).<ref name="InExA2016">{{cite web | author= | title=Sankat Mochan: First aircraft with evacuated people from Juba to land in Kerala tomorrow | website=The Indian Express | date=14 July 2016 | url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/operation-sankat-mochan-genral-vk-singh-evacuted-indians-to-reach-kerala-2914183/ | access-date=16 July 2016}}</ref>

On 12 August, the [[UN Security Council]] authorized a new Regional Protection Force mandated to protect [[Juba Airport]] as well as other installations as a part of UNMISS.<ref name= hrw/>

With the collapse of the peace deal, the civil war fully resumed and further escalated in violence.{{sfnp|Martell|2018|pp=253–254}}

==Reactions==
Both Kiir and Machar have condemned the clashes,<ref name="poiuyt"/> and repeatedly called for their forces to stop fighting.<ref name="z"/>

{{flagicon|UN}} [[Ban Ki-Moon]]: "I am shocked and appalled by the heavy fighting that is currently taking place in Juba. I strongly urge President Kiir and First Vice-President Riek Machar to do everything within their power to de-escalate the hostilities immediately and to order their respective forces to disengage and withdraw to their bases. This senseless violence is unacceptable and has the potential of reversing the progress made so far in the peace process..."<ref name="a">{{cite web|publisher=Japan Times|date=11 July 2016|access-date=11 July 2016|url=http://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2016/07/11/world/south-sudan-fears-return-civil-war-heavy-fighting-erupts-anew-juba-thousands-flee/?#.V4Lh07srK01|title=South Sudan fears return to civil war as heavy fighting erupts anew in Juba, thousands flee}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.un.org/sg/statements/index.asp?nid=9872|title=Statement by the Secretary-General on South Sudan|date=10 July 2016|access-date=11 July 2016|publisher=UN}}</ref>

{{Flagicon|UN}} The [[United Nations Security Council|UNSC]], after an emergency meeting on the crisis,<ref name=":0" /> issued a statement calling for an immediate cessation to the fighting and for both Kiir and Machar to do their utmost to control their respective forces.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=54426#.V4MMgriGOUk|title=Security Council condemns fighting in Juba, demands South Sudan's leaders prevent spread of violence|publisher=UN News Centre|date=10 July 2016}}</ref> The [[United Nations Mission in South Sudan]] has increased patrols near its base.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/jul/10/south-sudan-capital-juba-violence-salva-kiir|title=More than 300 dead as South Sudan capital is rocked by violence|last=Burke|first=Jason|date=2016-07-11|website=the Guardian|access-date=2016-07-11}}</ref>

===National reactions===
{{flag|Sudan}} condemned the conflict, and the Sudanese President [[Omar al-Bashir]] urged Kiir and Machar in telephone calls to use self-restraint.<ref>{{cite web|publisher=Xinhua|title=Khartoum expresses deep concern over conflicts in S. Sudan|url=http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2016-07/11/c_135502590.htm?|date=10 July 2016|access-date=11 July 2016}}</ref>

{{Flagicon|US}} The [[United States]] condemned the violence and called for the parties to "immediately restrain their forces from further fighting, return them to barracks, and prevent additional violence and bloodshed."<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.itv.com/news/update/2016-07-11/us-demands-an-immediate-end-to-south-sudan-violence/?|title=US demands an immediate end to South Sudan violence|access-date=2016-07-11}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/prs/ps/2016/07/259511.htm?|title=South Sudan: United States Demands an Immediate End to Fighting in South Sudan|access-date=2016-07-11}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

=== Works Cited ===
{{refbegin}}
*{{cite book 
|last= Martell
|first= Peter
|year= 2018
|title= First Raise a Flag
|location= London
|publisher= Hurst & Company
|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=xrSXDwAAQBAJ&q=First+Raise+a+Flag
|isbn= 978-1849049597
}}
{{refend}}

{{coord|4.8500|N|31.6000|E|source:wikidata|display=title}}

<nowiki>{{DEFAULTSORT:Juba, 2016 Battle of}}
[[Category:2016 in South Sudan]]
[[Category:Conflicts in 2016]]
[[Category:Juba]]
[[Category:South Sudanese Civil War]]</nowiki>