Quelltext der Seite Benutzer:Shi Annan/China Pipeline

{{Importartikel}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2014}}
{{Infobox pipeline
| name        = Central Asia–China gas pipeline
| type        = natural gas
| map         =CentralAsiaChinapipeline.png
| map_caption = The route of the gas pipeline
| country     = [[Turkmenistan]], [[Uzbekistan]], [[Kazakhstan]], [[China]]
| coordinates = 
| photo       = 
| caption     =
| operator    = 
| partners    = [[China National Petroleum Corporation]]<br/>[[Türkmengaz]]<br/>[[Uzbekneftegas]]<br/>[[KazMunayGas]]
| length_km   = 1833
| discharge   = {{convert|55|e9m3/a}}
| diameter_mm = 1067
| direction   = south–north-east
| start       = Right bank of [[Amu Darya]], Saman-Depe, [[Turkmenistan]]
| finish      = Horgos, [[Xinjiang]], [[China|People's Republic of China]]<br />(connected to [[West–East Gas Pipeline]])
| contractors = 
| construction= 2007
| est         = 2009
| through     = Olot, [[Shymkent]], [[Alataw Pass]]
| par         = [[Bukhara–Tashkent–Bishkek–Almaty pipeline]], [[Kazakhstan-China oil pipeline]]
| compressor_stations_no= 
| compressor_stations= 
}}

The '''Central Asia–China gas pipeline''' (known also as '''Turkmenistan–China gas pipeline''') is a [[natural gas]] [[Pipeline transport|pipeline]] system from [[Central Asia]] to [[Xinjiang]] in the [[China|People's Republic of China]]. By connecting Turkmenistan to China’s domestic grid, this pipeline makes it possible to transport gas some 7000&nbsp;km from Turkmenistan to Shanghai.<ref>M. Anker, P. Baev, B. Brunstad, I. Overland, [[Stina Torjesen|S. Torjesen]], The Caspian Sea Region Towards 2025: Caspia Inc., National Giants or Trade and Transit? Eburon, Delft, Netherlands, 2010.</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Overland|first=Indra|date=2016-04-01|title=Energy: The missing link in globalization|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/296486356|journal=Energy Research & Social Science|volume=14|pages=122–130|doi=10.1016/j.erss.2016.01.009|doi-access=free}}</ref> More than half of Turkmen natural gas exports are delivered to China through the pipeline.<ref>Vakulchuk, Roman and Indra Overland (2019) “[https://www.researchgate.net/publication/329310641 China’s Belt and Road Initiative through the Lens of Central Asia]”, in Fanny M. Cheung and Ying-yi Hong (eds) ''Regional Connection under the Belt and Road Initiative. The Prospects for Economic and Financial Cooperation''. London: Routledge, p. 125.</ref>

==History==
The initial proposal for Central Asia–China gas pipeline was presented as the Kazakhstan–China gas pipeline, which was to follow along the [[Kazakhstan-China oil pipeline]]. In June 2003, during China's President [[Hu Jintao]]'s visit to Kazakhstan, agreements to expedite the appraisal of the project were signed.<ref name=china>
{{cite news
 | url=http://www.china.org.cn/english/BAT/105031.htm
 | title=China, Kazakhstan Discuss Cross-border Gas Pipeline
 | newspaper=[[China Daily]]
 | date=2004-08-25
 | accessdate=2007-07-27}}
</ref>  Following these agreements, [[KazMunayGas]] and [[PetroChina]] started a feasibility study of the pipeline project.  At the same time China continued negotiations with other Central Asian countries.

On 3 April 2006, China and Turkmenistan signed a framework agreement on the pipeline construction and long-term gas supply.<ref name=rfere>
{{cite news
 | author = Daniel Kimmage
 | url=http://www.rferl.org/featuresarticle/2006/04/55f9574d-407a-4777-9724-944e6c2ecd7b.html
 | title=Central Asia: Turkmenistan-China Pipeline Project Has Far-Reaching Implications
 | work= [[Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty]]
 | date=2006-04-10
 | accessdate=2007-07-27}}
</ref>  In June 2007, during his visit to China, Turkmeni President [[Gurbanguly Berdimuhamedow]] signed an accord to speed up implementation of the Turkmeni-Chinese gas pipeline project.<ref name=downstream/>  On 30 April 2007, Uzbekistan and China signed an agreement on the construction and exploitation of the pipeline's Uzbekistan section.<ref name=caucaz>
{{cite news
 | url=http://www.caucaz.com/home_eng/depeches.php?idp=1645
 | title=Uzbekistan and China to build gas pipeline
 | publisher=Caucaz.com
 | date=2007-05-01
 | accessdate=2007-07-27}}
</ref>  In July 2007, it was formally announced that Turkmenistan will join original Kazakhstan-China pipeline project.<ref name=forbes>
{{cite news
 | url=https://www.forbes.com/feeds/afx/2007/07/04/afx3883648.html
 | title=Turkmenistan to join China, Kazakhstan pipeline project – KazMunaiGas EP CEO
 | newspaper=[[Forbes]]
 | agency=[[Thomson Financial|AFX News]]
 | date=2007-07-04
 | accessdate=2007-07-27}}{{dead link|date=January 2022|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}
</ref>  On 8 November 2007, Kazakhstan's oil company [[KazMunayGas]] signed an agreement with the [[China National Petroleum Corporation]] on principles of future work on the pipeline.<ref name=reuters2>
{{cite news
 | url=http://uk.reuters.com/article/oilRpt/idUKL0888292120071108
 | title=Kazakhstan, China agree to press ahead with pipeline
 | author=Maria Golovnina
 | work=[[Reuters]]
 | date=2007-11-08
 | accessdate=2008-03-15}}
</ref>

On 30 August 2007, the construction of the {{convert|188|km|mi}} long Turkmen section of the pipeline began.<ref name=upstream1/>  This section was built by [[Stroytransgaz]], a subsidiary of [[Gazprom]].<ref name=reuters1>
{{cite news
 | url=http://uk.reuters.com/article/oilRpt/idUKL194546920080219
 | title=Russian company wins Turkmen China pipeline tender
 | author=Marat Gurt
 | work=[[Reuters]]
 | date=2008-02-19
 | accessdate=2008-03-15}}
</ref>  Main contractors were China Petroleum Pipeline Bureau, [[China Petroleum Engineering and Construction Corporation]], and Zeromax.<ref name=eurasianet/>  Construction of the Uzbek section started on 30 June 2008.<ref name=eurasianet>{{cite news
 |url          = http://www.eurasianet.org/departments/news/articles/eav071009a.shtml
 |title        = Kazakhstan: Workers Complete Section of Turkmenistan-China Pipeline
 |publisher    = Eurasianet
 |date         = 2009-07-10
 |accessdate   = 2009-07-16
 |archive-url  = https://web.archive.org/web/20090715061504/http://www.eurasianet.org/departments/news/articles/eav071009a.shtml
 |archive-date = 15 July 2009
 |url-status     = dead
 |df           = dmy-all
}}</ref><ref name=downstream2>
{{cite news
 | url= http://www.downstreamtoday.com/news/article.aspx?a_id=11700
 | title=Central Asia-China Gas Pipeline To Start Service Next Year
 | publisher= Downstream Today
 | work = Asiaport Daily News
 | date=2008-07-03
 | accessdate=2008-07-07}}
</ref>  It was built by Asia Trans Gas, a joint venture of [[Uzbekneftegas]] and [[China National Petroleum Corporation|CNPC]].<ref name=upstream3>
{{cite news
 | url=http://www.hydrocarbons-technology.com/projects/centralasiachinagasp/
 | title=Central Asia-China Gas Pipeline, Turkmenistan to China
 | newspaper = hydrocarbons-technology.com
 | date=2013-09-25
 | accessdate=2013-09-25}}
</ref>  Construction works of the Kazakh section started on 9 July 2008 and the first stage was finished in July 2009.<ref name=upstream4>
{{cite news
 | url=http://www.upstreamonline.com/live/article158831.ece
 | title=Kazakhstan gets cracking on China pipe
 | newspaper = [[Upstream (newspaper)|Upstream Online]]
 | publisher = NHST Media Group
 | date=2008-07-09
 | accessdate=2008-07-09
 | id = {{subscription required}}}}
</ref>  It was built by Asian Gas Pipeline company, a joint venture of CNPC and [[KazMunayGas]].<ref name=upstream2>
{{cite news
 | url=http://www.upstreamonline.com/live/article152009.ece
 | title=Beijing digs in with Kazakh pipes
 | newspaper = [[Upstream (newspaper)|Upstream Online]]
 | publisher = NHST Media Group
 | date=2008-04-09
 | accessdate=2008-04-19
 | id = {{subscription required}}}}
</ref>  The main contractors of this section were KazStroyService and China Petroleum Engineering and Construction Corporation.<ref name=steelguru1/>  The first of the two initial parallel line were completed early November 2009.<ref name=downstream121109>
{{cite news
 | url= http://downstreamtoday.com/news/article.aspx?a_id=19253
 | title= CNPC To Build Phase II Central Asia-China Gas Pipeline
 | publisher= Downstream Today
 | agency = [[Xinhua]]
 | date= 2009-11-12
 | accessdate= 2009-11-14}}
</ref>

The Kazakh section of the pipeline was inaugurated on 12 December 2009 during China's president Hu Jintao's visit to Kazakhstan.<ref name=reuters121209>
{{cite news
 | url= http://uk.reuters.com/article/idUKGEE5BB01D20091212?sp=true
 | title=China's Hu boosts energy ties with Central Asia
 | first1=Raushan | last1=Nurshayeva
 | first2=Shamil | last2=Zhumatov
 | work=[[Reuters]]
 | date=2009-12-12
 | accessdate=2009-12-12}}
</ref>  The whole pipeline was inaugurated on 14 December 2009 in a ceremony in Saman-Depe during Hu Jintao's visit to Turkmenistan with the leaders of Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan and Kazakhstan.<ref name=reuters141209>
{{cite news
 | url= http://uk.reuters.com/article/idUKSGE5BD0BQ20091214?sp=true
 | title= China extends influence into C.Asia with pipeline
 | first = Marat | last = Gurt
 | work=[[Reuters]]
 | date=2009-12-14
 | accessdate=2009-12-14}}
</ref>
On 13 June 2010 China and Kazakhstan signed an agreement on a branch line from Western Kazakhstan.<ref name=cd140610>
{{cite news
 | url= http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/china/2010-06/14/content_9976764.htm
 | title= China, Kazakhstan sign new gas pipeline deal
 | author = Wan Zhihong
 | newspaper= China Daily
 | date=2010-06-14
 | accessdate=2010-06-20}}
</ref>

The second line was completed by the end of 2010. Construction of the third line began in 2012.<ref name=pi>
{{cite news 
 |url=http://pipelinesinternational.com/news/construction_on_third_line_begins_for_central_asia-china_gas_pipeline/066998/ 
 |title=Construction on third line begins for Central Asia-China Gas Pipeline 
 |publisher=Pipelines International 
 |date=March 2012 
 |url-status=dead 
 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141112042852/http://pipelinesinternational.com/news/construction_on_third_line_begins_for_central_asia-china_gas_pipeline/066998 
 |archivedate=12 November 2014 
 |df=dmy 
 }}
</ref>  It became operational on 15 June 2014, and is expected to reach the designed throughput of {{convert|25|e9m3/a}} in December 2015. The construction of a fourth line of the pipeline is expected to be launched at the end of 2014.<ref name=br160614>
{{cite news
 | url= http://www.brecorder.com/markets/energy/asia/179025.html
 | title=  China, Central Asian countries open 3rd gas line 
 | publisher= Business Recorder
 | date= 16 June 2014
 | accessdate= 2014-06-20}}
</ref>

The fourth line has been dogged by delays. As of August 2021, one tunnel in Tajikistan has been completed. No date has been set for final completion.

<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://thepeoplesmap.net/project/central-asia-china-gas-pipeline-line-d/|title = Central Asia–China Gas Pipeline (Line D)}}</ref>

==Significance==
According to CNPC, the inflow of Turkmen gas helps China in meeting its energy demands and stabilizes the country's overall consumption structure. It was expected that the pipeline's deliveries boost the natural gas proportion of energy consumption of China by an estimated 2%, which reduces the overall smoke, dust and carbon dioxide emissions.<ref name=chinastake>
{{cite news
 |url        = http://www.chinastakes.com/story.aspx?id=480
 |archive-url = https://archive.today/20120723171656/http://www.chinastakes.com/story.aspx?id=480
 |url-status   = dead
 |archive-date = 2012-07-23
 |title      = Central Asia Pipeline to Secure natural Gas for China
 |publisher  = ChinaStakes
 |date       = 2008-07-02
 |accessdate = 2009-02-24
}}
</ref>  For Turkmenistan, the project helps the country diversify its energy exports by delivering gas eastward as opposed to its previous deliveries to [[Russia]] and [[Iran]]. Until the inauguration of the pipeline, nearly 70% of Turkmenistan's gas exports transited through Russian pipelines.<ref>
{{cite news
 | author = Philip H. de Leon
 | url=http://www.resourceinvestor.com/News/2009/12/Pages/China-secures-gas-from-Turkmenistan-Whos-the-real-winner.aspx
 | title=China secures gas from Turkmenistan: Who's the real winner? 
 | publisher=Resource Investor
 | date=2009-12-22
 | accessdate=2009-12-23}}
</ref> Central Asia–China gas pipeline is the first pipeline to bring Central Asian natural gas to China and highlights China's quest for Central Asian energy exports. While Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan are also considering selling their gas to China, Chinese government already made new moves to penetrate deeper into Central Asian energy sector by lending $3&nbsp;billion to Turkmenistan to develop the South Iolotan field in 2009 and $10&nbsp;billion to Kazakhstan to pay for future oil supplies.<ref>
{{cite news
 | url= http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/38fc5d14-e8d1-11de-a756-00144feab49a.html
 | title= Pipeline brings Asian gas to China
 | newspaper=[[Financial Times]]
 |last1= Gorst|first1=Isabel
 |last2= Dyer|first2=Geoff
 | date=2009-12-14
 | accessdate=2009-12-14}}
</ref>

==Technical features==
The length of Lines A, B, and C is about {{convert|1833|km|mi}}, of which {{convert|188|km|mi}} in Turkmenistan and {{convert|530|km|mi}} in Uzbekistan.<ref name=upstream1>
{{cite news
 | url=http://www.upstreamonline.com/live/article139613.ece
 | title=Turkmen break ground on China pipe
 | newspaper = [[Upstream (newspaper)|Upstream Online]]
 | publisher = [[NHST Media Group]]
 | date=2007-08-30
 | accessdate=2007-09-09
 | id = {{subscription required}}}}
</ref><ref name=downstream121109 /><ref name=reuters121209 /><ref name=chinastake /> The diameter of each pipeline is {{convert|1067|mm|in}}.<ref name=steelguru1>
{{cite news
 | url= http://steelguru.com/news/index/2009/07/14/MTAyMDg5/Construction_cost_of_Kazakhstan_to_China_gas_pipeline_increases.html
 | title= Construction cost of Kazakhstan to China gas pipeline increases
 | publisher= Steel Guru
 | date= 2009-07-13
 | accessdate= 2009-07-16
 | url-status= dead
 | archiveurl= https://archive.today/20130104205450/http://steelguru.com/news/index/2009/07/14/MTAyMDg5/Construction_cost_of_Kazakhstan_to_China_gas_pipeline_increases.html
 | archivedate= 4 January 2013
 | df= dmy-all
 }}
</ref>  Lines A, B, and C constitute three parallel lines with combined total capacity of {{convert|55|e9m3/a}} which was reached by 2015.<ref name=br160614 /> Construction of the first line cost US$7.3&nbsp;billion.<ref name=chinapost>
{{cite news
 | url=http://www.chinapost.com.tw/china/business/2007/12/30/137003/China-National.htm
 | title=China National Petroleum subsidiaries to pay billions for Central Asia gas pipeline
 | newspaper=The China Post
 | date=2007-12-30
 | accessdate=2008-06-01}}
</ref>  The pipeline project also includes the desulfurization plant at [[Saman-Depe Gas Field|Samand-Depe]] to remove high sulfur content of natural gas.

A fourth pipeline (Line D), {{convert|966|km|mi}} in length to connect Galkynysh to western China via Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan, is under construction, and is expected to be completed in 2020.  Upon its completion, total capacity of the four lines is expected to reach 65 billion cubic metres per year.<ref name="line-d">{{cite web|url=https://orient.tm/zavershaetsya-stroitelstvo-dopolnitelnoj-vetki-gazoprovoda-ca-kitaj/|title=Завершается строительство дополнительной ветки газопровода «ЦА-Китай»|date=30 Jan 2020|publisher=ORIENT-ИНФОРМАЦИОННОЕ АГЕНТСТВО "МЕДИА-ТУРКМЕН"|language=Russian}}</ref>

==Route==
The pipeline starts in Saman-Depe carrying natural gas from the [[Bagtyýarlyk PSA Territory|Bagtyyarlyk]] gas fields on the right bank of [[Amu Darya]] in Turkmenistan.  It is mainly supplied from [[Ýolöten Gas Field|Iolotan]] and Sag Kenar fields.<ref name=entrepreneur>
{{cite news
 | url= http://www.entrepreneur.com/tradejournals/article/185436436.html
 | title= Turkmenistan's Producers – The Gas Sector
 | publisher= APS Review Gas Market Trends
 | date=2008-09-22
 | accessdate=2009-11-29}}
</ref>  The pipeline enters Uzbekistan in Olot and runs across Uzbekistan to southern Kazakhstan parallel to the existing [[Bukhara–Tashkent–Bishkek–Almaty pipeline]].<ref name=downstream>
{{cite news
 | url= http://www.downstreamtoday.com/news/article.aspx?a_id=5015
 | title= Analysis: Turkmen Gas Deal Extends Chinese Influence
 | work = BBC Monitoring Central Asia
 | publisher= Downstream Today
 | date=2007-07-26
 | accessdate=2007-07-27}}
</ref><ref name=dundee>
{{cite conference
 |first=Mehmet 
 |last=Ögütçü 
 |url=http://www.dundee.ac.uk/cepmlp/journal/html/Vol17/Vol17_8.pdf 
 |title=Kazakhstan's expanding cross-border gas links. Implications for Europe, Russia, China and other CIS countries 
 |conference=Windsor Energy Group's Regional Pipelines Roundtable 
 |location=Almaty 
 |publisher=The Centre for Energy, Petroleum and Mineral Law and Policy at the University of Dundee 
 |date=2006-10-02 
 |accessdate=2007-07-27 
 |url-status=dead 
 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070929134259/http://www.dundee.ac.uk/cepmlp/journal/html/Vol17/Vol17_8.pdf 
 |archivedate=29 September 2007 
 |df=dmy 
}}
</ref>  The pipeline crosses the Kazakhstan–China border at [[Khorgos]], where it is connected to the second [[West–East Gas Pipeline]].<ref>{{cite news
 | url=http://english.people.com.cn/90001/90776/6456732.html
 | title=2nd West-East gas pipeline project in construction
 | newspaper=[[People's Daily]]
 | date=2008-07-23
 | accessdate=2010-07-28}}
</ref><ref name=edm211207>
{{cite news
 | publisher=[[The Jamestown Foundation]]
 | work= Eurasia Daily Monitor
 | url= http://www.jamestown.org/single/?no_cache=1&tx_ttnews%5Btt_news%5D=33265
 | title= China secures new access to Kazakh oil
 | first = Farkhad | last = Sharip
 | date=2007-12-21
 | accessdate=2010-07-28}}
</ref>

In [[Shymkent]], the pipeline will be linked with the {{convert|1400|km|adj=on}} branch line from [[Beyneu]] in western Kazakhstan.<ref name=cd140610/><ref name=ogjl80610>
{{cite news
 | url= http://www.pennenergy.com/index/petroleum/display/3327163457/articles/oil-gas-journal/transportation-2/pipelines/construction/2010/06/china_-kazakhstan.html
 | title= China, Kazakhstan sign accords for gas, uranium
 | first = Eric | last = Watkins 
 | work = Oil % Gas Journal
 | publisher= [[PennWell Corporation]]
 | date=2010-06-18
 | accessdate=2010-06-20}}
</ref>  It will supply natural gas from the [[Karachaganak Field|Karachaganak]], [[Tengiz Field|Tengiz]] and [[Kashagan Field|Kashagan]] gas fields.<ref name=downstream170610>
{{cite news
 | url= http://www.downstreamtoday.com/news/article.aspx?a_id=23027
 | title= CNPC, JV Partner to Build 2nd Phase of China-Kazakh Pipeline
 | publisher= Downstream Today
 | work = Asia Pulse
 | date=2010-06-17
 | accessdate=2010-06-20}}
</ref>  The branch line will have a capacity of 15&nbsp;billion cubic meters of natural gas per year.<ref name=ogjl80610/><ref name=digital130610>
{{cite news
 | url= http://www.digitaljournal.com/article/293349
 | title= China, Kazakhstan agree deals on gas, nuclear energy
 | first = Paris | last = Franz
 | work = DigitalJournal.com
 | date=2010-06-13
 | accessdate=2010-06-20}}
</ref>  It was commissioned in 2014.<ref name=ogjl80610/>

==See also==
{{Portal|China|Turkmenistan|Energy}}
* [[Kazakhstan–China oil pipeline]]
* [[Central Asia – Center gas pipeline system]]
* [[Trans-Afghanistan Pipeline]]
* [[Energy policy of China]]
* [[Energy security of China]]
* [[Altai gas pipeline]]
* [[Power of Siberia]]


== Einzelnachweise ==
<references />

== Weblinks ==
*Chow, Edward, "Central Asia’s Pipelines: Field of Dreams and Reality," in [http://www.nbr.org/publications/element.aspx?id=456 Pipeline Politics in Asia: The Intersection of Demand, Energy Markets, and Supply Routes] ([[National Bureau of Asian Research]], 2010)
*[http://www.oxfordenergy.org/wpcms/wp-content/uploads/2010/11/NG25-KazakhstansgasExportMarketsandExportRoutes-ShamilYenikeyeff-2008.pdf Kazakhstan's Gas: Export Markets and Export Routes, by Shamil Yenikeyeff], [[Oxford Institute for Energy Studies]], November 2008
* [http://tjogel.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/03/Yodogawa-Peterson.pdf Noriko Yodogawa & Alexander M. Peterson, "An Opportunity for Progress: China, Central Asia, and the Energy Charter Treaty", 8 Texas Journal of Oil, Gas, and Energy Law 111 (2013).]{{dead link|date=August 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Central Asia-China gas pipeline}}<nowiki>
[[Category:Energy infrastructure completed in 2009]]
[[Category:Natural gas pipelines in Kazakhstan]]
[[Category:Natural gas pipelines in Turkmenistan]]
[[Category:Natural gas pipelines in Uzbekistan]]
[[Category:Natural gas pipelines in China]]
[[Category:Energy in Central Asia]]
[[Category:China–Kazakhstan relations]]
[[Category:Kazakhstan–Turkmenistan relations]]
[[Category:Kazakhstan–Uzbekistan relations]]
[[Category:Turkmenistan–Uzbekistan relations]]
</nowiki>