Quelltext der Seite Benutzer:Shi Annan/Staatsstreich in Guinea 2021

{{Importartikel}}

{{short description|Military overthrow of President Alpha Condé}}
{{use dmy dates|date=September 2021}}
{{Use British English|date=October 2021}}
{{Infobox military conflict
| conflict          = 2021 Guinean coup d'état
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| image             = Coup d'état 2021 en Guinée 1.jpg
| image_size        = 260px
| caption           = Military parade in [[Kaloum]], a day after the coup
| date              = 5 September 2021
| place             = [[Conakry]], [[Guinea]]
| coordinates       = {{coord|9|31|N|13|42|W|region:GN_type:event|display=inline}}
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| map_label         = 
| territory         = 
| result            = Coup d'état successful
* [[Constitution of Guinea|Constitution]] and government declared dissolved
* [[National Committee of Reconciliation and Development|Military junta]] established
* Guinea suspended from [[African Union]], [[Organisation internationale de la Francophonie|La Francophonie]] and [[ECOWAS]]
| combatant1        = {{flagdeco|Guinea}} [[Government of Guinea]]
| combatant2        = {{flagdeco|Guinea}} [[National Committee of Reconciliation and Development]] (CRND)
* [[Republic of Guinea Armed Forces]]
| combatant3        = 
| commander1        = [[Alpha Condé]]
| commander2        = [[Mamady Doumbouya]]
| commander3        = 
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}}

On 5 September 2021, [[President of Guinea]] [[Alpha Condé]] was captured by [[Republic of Guinea Armed Forces|the country's armed forces]] in a [[coup d'état]] after gunfire in the capital, [[Conakry]]. Special forces commander [[Mamady Doumbouya]] released a broadcast on state television announcing the dissolution of the [[Constitution of Guinea|constitution]] and government.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/heavy-gunfire-heard-guinea-capital-conakry-reuters-witness-2021-09-05/|title=Elite Guinea army unit says it has toppled president|date=5 September 2021|website=Reuters|access-date=5 September 2021|archive-date=5 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210905165127/https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/heavy-gunfire-heard-guinea-capital-conakry-reuters-witness-2021-09-05/|url-status=live}}</ref>

After several decades of authoritarian rule in Guinea, Condé was the country's first democratically elected leader. During his time in office, Guinea used its rich natural resources to improve the economy, but the bulk of the country's population has not felt its effects. In 2020, Condé changed the constitution [[2020 Guinean constitutional referendum|by referendum]] to allow himself to secure a third term, a controversial change which spurred the [[2019–2020 Guinean protests]]. During the last year of the second term and his third term, Condé cracked down on protests and on opposition candidates, some of whom died in prison, while the government struggled to contain price increases in basic commodities.<ref name="francetvinfo">{{cite web|title=Guinée : quatre choses à savoir sur le référendum constitutionnel reporté qui a plongé le pays dans une nouvelle impasse politique|url=https://www.francetvinfo.fr/monde/afrique/guinee/guinee-quatre-choses-a-savoir-sur-le-referendum-constitutionnel-qui-a-plonge-le-pays-dans-une-nouvelle-impasse-politique_3846597.html|website=Franceinfo|date=1 March 2020|access-date=6 September 2021|publication-date=|archive-date=30 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201030175324/https://www.francetvinfo.fr/monde/afrique/guinee/guinee-quatre-choses-a-savoir-sur-le-referendum-constitutionnel-qui-a-plonge-le-pays-dans-une-nouvelle-impasse-politique_3846597.html|url-status=live}}</ref> In August 2021, in an attempt to balance the budget, Guinea announced tax hikes, slashed spending on the police and the military, and increased funding for the office of the President and [[National Assembly (Guinea)|National Assembly]].

The coup began in the morning of 5 September, when the [[Republic of Guinea Armed Forces]] surrounded [[Presidential Palace (Guinea)|Sekhoutoureah Presidential Palace]] and cordoned off the wider government district. After a shootout with pro-government forces, the mutineers, who appear to be led by Doumbouya, took Condé hostage, announced the dissolution of the government and its institutions, annulled the constitution, and sealed off the borders.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-09-05|title=Elite Guinea army unit say they dissolved the government and the constitution of the West African country|url=https://www.cnbc.com/2021/09/05/elite-guinea-army-unit-said-it-has-toppled-long-time-president-alpha-conde.html|access-date=2021-09-07|website=CNBC|language=en}}</ref> While local politicians have not explicitly opposed or supported the coup, the takeover was met with almost universal disapproval of foreign countries, which have called for the coup to stop, for the prisoners to be released and for constitutional order to return.

On 1 October 2021, [[Mamady Doumbouya]] was sworn in as the interim president.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-10-01|title=Guinée : Mamadi Doumbouya devient officiellement chef de l’État|url=https://www.jeuneafrique.com/1243651/politique/guinee-mamadi-doumbouya-devient-officiellement-chef-de-letat/|access-date=2021-10-01|website=Jeune Afrique|language=fr}}</ref>

==Background==
===Political===
{{Siehe auch|2019–2020 Guinean protests}}<!-- Seite nicht vorhanden -->
[[File:His Excellency President Alpha Condé of Guinea, speaking at the UK-Africa Investment Summit in London, 20 January 2020 20200120120724ZJW 4283 (49418933596) (cropped).jpg|left|thumb|198x198px|Alpha Condé in 2020]]

From the country's independence from [[France]] in 1958 until 2010, Guinea was ruled by autocratic regimes including "decades of corrupt rule".<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-09-05|title=Guinea: Soldiers claim to have seized power and dissolved government as president 'detained'|url=https://news.sky.com/story/guinea-soldiers-claim-to-have-seized-power-and-dissolved-government-as-president-detained-12400084|url-status=live|access-date=2021-09-05|website=Sky News|language=en|archive-date=6 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210906183458/https://news.sky.com/story/guinea-soldiers-claim-to-have-seized-power-and-dissolved-government-as-president-detained-12400084}}</ref> In 2008, a [[2008 Guinean coup d'état|military coup]] was instigated shortly after the death of [[Lansana Conté]]. The military stepped down in 2010. [[Alpha Condé]], the first president to be peacefully and democratically elected to the office of President of [[Guinea]], started governing the country in [[2010 Guinean presidential election|2010]],<ref name=":5">{{Cite news|date=2021-09-05|title=Tentative de coup d'Etat en Guinée, des putschistes affirment détenir le président Alpha Condé|language=fr|work=[[Le Monde]]|url=https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2021/09/05/guinee-tentative-de-coup-d-etat-les-putschistes-disent-avoir-pris-le-president-et-dissoudre-les-institutions_6093490_3212.html|access-date=2021-09-05|archive-date=5 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210905150159/https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2021/09/05/guinee-tentative-de-coup-d-etat-les-putschistes-disent-avoir-pris-le-president-et-dissoudre-les-institutions_6093490_3212.html|url-status=live}}</ref> and was re-elected in [[2015 Guinean presidential election|2015]].<ref>{{Cite news|last1=Bah|first1=Youssouf|last2=Paquette|first2=Danielle|date=2021-09-05|title=Guinea's president is detained in apparent military takeover|work=[[The Washington Post]]|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2021/09/05/guinea-alpha-conde-military-takeover/|access-date=2021-09-05|archive-date=6 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210906183513/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2021/09/05/guinea-alpha-conde-military-takeover/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-09-05|title=BREAKING: Fear Of Military Coup Hits Guinea As Heavy Gunfire Is Reported Near Presidential Palace|url=http://saharareporters.com/2021/09/05/breaking-fear-military-coup-hits-guinea-heavy-gunfire-reported-near-presidential-palace|url-status=live|access-date=2021-09-05|website=Sahara Reporters|archive-date=5 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210905152023/http://saharareporters.com/2021/09/05/breaking-fear-military-coup-hits-guinea-heavy-gunfire-reported-near-presidential-palace}}</ref> The country had a two-term presidential limit, but the [[2020 Guinean constitutional referendum|2020 constitutional referendum]] included a provision extending the length of terms and allowed Condé to "reset" his term limit and seek two more terms.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2020-10-24|title=Guinea elections: Alpha Condé wins third term amid violent protests|language=en-GB|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-54657359|access-date=2021-09-05|archive-date=26 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210826145448/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-54657359|url-status=live}}</ref>

[[File:Acte 2 FNDC sur l'autoroute fidèle Castro.jpg|thumb|[[2019–2020 Guinean protests]] against the rule of Alpha Condé]]
The move had been controversial and sparked massive protests before and after the referendum, which were brutally repressed, causing more than thirty deaths between October 2019 and March 2020.<ref name="francetvinfo" /> After the constitutional amendment was approved, Condé won the [[2020 Guinean presidential election|2020 presidential election]] and thus a third term in office. This was again followed by protests against the President, with opposition candidates accusing Condé of [[ballot stuffing]].<ref name=":5"/><ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-10-01|title=Guinea: At least 50 people killed with impunity during protests in less than a year|url=https://www.amnesty.org/fr/latest/news/2020/10/guinee-au-moins-personnes-tues-en-toute-impunite-dans-des-manifestations-2/|url-status=live|access-date=2021-09-05|website=Amnesty International|language=en|archive-date=6 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210906183505/https://www.amnesty.org/fr/latest/news/2020/10/guinee-au-moins-personnes-tues-en-toute-impunite-dans-des-manifestations-2/}}</ref>  Protests continued throughout the year, and were harshly repressed by security forces, claiming at least 12 civilian lives, including two children in [[Conakry]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-12-18|title=World Report 2021: Rights Trends in Guinea|url=https://www.hrw.org/world-report/2021/country-chapters/guinea|access-date=2021-04-10|website=Human Rights Watch|language=en|archive-date=17 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210817155613/https://www.hrw.org/world-report/2021/country-chapters/guinea|url-status=live}}</ref> [[France]] distanced itself from Condé following the 2020 election, leaving [[China]], [[Egypt]], [[Russia]] and [[Turkey]] foremost among the few powerful countries which continued to back the President.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{cite news |title=China offers backing to Guinea president after disputed election |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-guinea-election-china-idUSKBN27P0YA |work=Reuters |date=9 November 2020 |access-date=6 September 2021 |archive-date=3 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210303130502/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-guinea-election-china-idUSKBN27P0YA |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Guinean president appreciates Egypt's support to his country in different domains |url=https://www.egypttoday.com/Article/1/100366/Guinean-president-appreciates-Egypt-s-support-to-his-country-in |work=Egypt Today |date=31 March 2021 |access-date=6 September 2021 |archive-date=1 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210401093114/http://egypttoday.com/Article/1/100366/Guinean-president-appreciates-Egypt-s-support-to-his-country-in |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Turkey congratulates Guinean leader on election victory |url=https://www.aa.com.tr/en/politics/turkey-congratulates-guinean-leader-on-election-victory/2036185 |work=Anadolu Agency |date=8 November 2020 |access-date=6 September 2021 |archive-date=8 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201108135907/https://www.aa.com.tr/en/politics/turkey-congratulates-guinean-leader-on-election-victory/2036185 |url-status=live }}</ref> This happened as fellow [[West Africa]]n and [[Central Africa]]n countries have experienced [[democratic backsliding]]: [[Chad]] went through [[Transitional Military Council (Chad)|its own military takeover]] in April 2021, [[Mali]] had two such overthrows within a year (in [[2020 Malian coup d'état|August 2020]] and [[2021 Malian coup d'état|May 2021]]), while [[Ivory Coast]] [[2020 Ivorian presidential election|elected a president for a third term]] amid considerable controversy and allegations of fraud.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|last1=Bariyo|first1=Nicholas|last2=Faucon|first2=Benoît|date=2021-09-05|title=Military Faction Stages Coup in Mineral-Rich Guinea|language=en-US|work=Wall Street Journal|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/military-faction-stages-coup-in-mineral-rich-guinea-11630866469|access-date=2021-09-05|issn=0099-9660|archive-date=6 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210906183513/https://www.wsj.com/articles/military-faction-stages-coup-in-mineral-rich-guinea-11630866469|url-status=live}}</ref>

Starting from the presidential election, opposition politicians, who were contesting the legitimacy of Condé's mandate, were repressed.<ref name=":7"/> For example, [[Mamady Condé]] was arrested in January 2021, while [[Roger Bamba]], the leader of [[Union of Democratic Forces of Guinea]] (UFDG), an opposition party, and [[Mamadou Oury Barry]] both died in prison. Prisons in the country, according to the [[Human Rights Watch]], have very poor conditions.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-09-05|title=Guinée : tout savoir sur le coup d'Etat contre Alpha Condé|url=https://lejournaldelafrique.com/lafrique-daujourdhui/en-guinee-une-tentative-de-coup-detat-contre-alpha-conde/|access-date=2021-09-05|website=Le Journal de l'Afrique|archive-date=5 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210905140716/https://lejournaldelafrique.com/lafrique-daujourdhui/en-guinee-une-tentative-de-coup-detat-contre-alpha-conde/|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Economic===

During Condé's regime, infrastructure to extract Guinea's extensive mineral resources improved, particularly for [[bauxite]] with the state agreeing several multi-billion dollar projects with Chinese firms to tap new bauxite reserves and develop an [[alumina]] refinery.<ref>[https://www.alcircle.com/news/the-china-guinea-20-billion-bauxite-deal-might-be-a-risky-loan-for-guinea-nrgi-52212 The China-Guinea $20 billion bauxite deal might be a risky loan for Guinea: NRGI]. Al Circle (2020-03-04). Retrieved 2021-09-06.</ref><ref>[https://www.france24.com/en/20181126-guinea-signs-3-billion-deal-alumina-refineryGuinea signs $3 billion deal for alumina refinery]. France 24 (2018-11-26). Retrieved 2021-09-06.</ref> Guinea holds around a quarter of the world's bauxite deposits.<ref>[https://www.alcircle.com/news/top-five-countries-with-highest-bauxite-reserves-in-the-world-26587 Top five countries with highest bauxite reserves in the world]. Al Circle (2016-12-07). Retrieved 2021-09-06.</ref> Extraction of [[diamond]]s, [[iron ore]] and [[gold ore]] increased, following investments in rail infrastructure through deals with Société Minière de Boké (SMB), a private consortium of foreign firms operating in Guinea, with the government as 10% shareholder.<ref>[https://www.trade.gov/country-commercial-guides/guinea-mining-and-minerals Guinea – Country Commercial Guide]. International Trade Administration (2020-08-27). Retrieved 2021-09-06.</ref><ref>[https://aluminiuminsider.com/smb-opens-us1-billion-bauxite-railway-in-guinea/ SMB Opens US$1 Billion Bauxite Railway In Guinea]. Aluminium Insider (2021-06-21). Retrieved 2021-09-06.</ref>

In 2019, the government agreed to the extension of a [[Line of credit|credit facility]] with the [[International Monetary Fund]] on the basis they would run a [[Government budget balance|fiscal surplus]], increase tax collection as a portion of GDP, reduce subsidies for petrol and electricity, increase investment in public infrastructure, reduce borrowing from the central bank and promote development of the private sector.<ref>[https://www.imf.org/~/media/Files/Publications/CR/2019/cr1930-Guinea.ashx IMF Country Report No. 19/30 GUINEA SECOND REVIEW OF THE ARRANGEMENT UNDER THE THREE-YEAR EXTENDED CREDIT FACILITY, FINANCING ASSURANCES REVIEW, AND REQUEST FOR A WAIVER OF NONOBSERVANCE OF PERFORMANCE CRITERION— PRESS RELEASE; STAFF REPORT; AND STATEMENT BY THE EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR FOR GUINEA]. International Monetary Fund. Retrieved 2021-09-06.</ref> Following recommendations at the United Nation's Third International Conference on Financing for Development in [[Addis Ababa]] in October 2019, Condé announced that 15% of mining revenue would be dedicated to the National Agency for the Financing of Local Communities to boost local government, as well as introducing measures to raise tax collection from 13% to 15% of GDP.<ref>[http://apanews.net/en/pays/guinee/news/guinea-allocates-15-percent-of-mining-revenues-to-community-development Guinea allocates 15 percent of mining revenues to community development]. APA News (2019-10-02). Retrieved 2021-09-06.</ref> This programme failed to bring immediate financial benefits for most citizens, with 60% of the labour force still working in the agricultural sector,<ref>[https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SL.AGR.EMPL.ZS?locations=GN Employment in agriculture (% of total employment) (modeled ILO estimate) – Guinea]. The World Bank. Retrieved 2021-09-06.</ref> and the communities around the mines being inadequately compensated for land, water and health losses connected with the mineral extraction.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2021-09-05|title=Guinea coup attempt: Soldiers claim to seize power from Alpha Condé|language=en-GB|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-58453778|access-date=2021-09-05|archive-date=5 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210905145428/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-58453778|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Wormington|first=Jim|date=2018-10-04|title=What Do We Get Out of It? – The Human Rights Impact of Bauxite Mining in Guinea|url=https://www.hrw.org/report/2018/10/04/what-do-we-get-out-it/human-rights-impact-bauxite-mining-guinea|url-status=live|access-date=2021-09-05|website=Human Rights Watch|language=en|archive-date=5 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210905162113/https://www.hrw.org/report/2018/10/04/what-do-we-get-out-it/human-rights-impact-bauxite-mining-guinea}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web|last=Samb|first=Sailou|date=2021-09-05|title=Elite Guinea army unit says it has toppled president|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/heavy-gunfire-heard-guinea-capital-conakry-reuters-witness-2021-09-05/|url-status=live|access-date=2021-09-05|website=Reuters|language=en|archive-date=5 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210905165127/https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/heavy-gunfire-heard-guinea-capital-conakry-reuters-witness-2021-09-05/}}</ref>

The price of bread in Guinea hit new highs – crop failures in Russia and Canada caused a surge in prices on the global markets and Guinea was affected due to its reliance on wheat imports.<ref>[https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2021-08-14/wheat-supplies-are-shrinking-and-it-s-bad-news-for-bread-prices Wheat Supplies Are Shrinking and It's Bad News for Bread Prices]. Bloomberg (2021-08-14). Retrieved 2021-09-06.</ref><ref>[https://knoema.com/atlas/Guinea/topics/Agriculture/Trade-Import-Quantity/Wheat-imports-quantity Guinea – Wheat imports quantity]. Knoema. Retrieved 2021-09-06.</ref> As a result, in January 2021, the government agreed with the National Baker's Union to set the bread price at a higher level, but quickly backpedalled amid a public outcry at a 250-gram loaf increasing from 1500 to 2000 [[Guinean franc]]s.<ref name=":02">{{Cite web|date=2021-01-19|title=Prix du pain/Voici pourquoi Alpha Condé a fait changer d'avis " Big Up "|url=https://www.guinee7.com/prix-du-pain-voici-pourquoi-alpha-conde-a-fait-changer-davis-big-up/|url-status=live|access-date=2021-09-05|website=Guinee7.com|language=fr-FR|archive-date=26 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210226163346/https://www.guinee7.com/prix-du-pain-voici-pourquoi-alpha-conde-a-fait-changer-davis-big-up/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Sanoh|first=Sekou|date=2021-01-25|title=Guinée : le prix du pain toujours en hausse malgré l'injonction du chef de l'Etat|url=https://guineenews.org/guinee-le-prix-du-pain-toujours-en-hausse-malgre-linjonction-du-chef-de-letat/|url-status=live|access-date=2021-09-05|website=Guinée News|language=fr-FR|archive-date=4 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210304063215/https://www.guineenews.org/guinee-le-prix-du-pain-toujours-en-hausse-malgre-linjonction-du-chef-de-letat/}}</ref><ref>[https://www.africaguinee.com/articles/2021/01/17/guinee-prix-du-pain-souci-de-soulager-la-population-ou-la-crainte-d-un-effet Guinea-Price of bread: concern to relieve the population or the fear of a "domino effect"? ]. Africa Guinee (2021-01-17). Retrieved 2021-09-06.</ref> This led to bread shortages in [[Nzérékoré Prefecture|Nzérékoré]] because bakers refused to produce bread at the previous regulated prices, given higher costs of both wheat and sugar.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-03-22|title=Guinée/N'Zérékoré : pénurie de pain dans la ville sur fond de désaccord entre autorités et boulangers|url=https://sunuker.net/actualite/international/guinee-zerekore-penurie-de-pain-dans-la-ville-sur-fond-de-desaccord-entre-autorites-et-boulangers/|url-status=live|access-date=2021-09-05|website=Sunuker.net|language=en-US|archive-date=22 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210322200841/https://sunuker.net/actualite/international/guinee-zerekore-penurie-de-pain-dans-la-ville-sur-fond-de-desaccord-entre-autorites-et-boulangers/}}</ref> After ten days of standoff between bakers and the prefecture government, the authorities granted permission to sell the bread at 4,000 francs.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-04-03|title=N'Zérékoré : les boulangers autorisés finalement à vendre le pain à 4000 francs|url=https://guineematin.com/nzerekore-les-boulangers-autorises-finalement-a-vendre-le-pain-a-4000-francs/|url-status=live|access-date=2021-09-05|website=Guinée Matin|language=fr-FR|archive-date=6 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210906182045/https://guineematin.com/nzerekore-les-boulangers-autorises-finalement-a-vendre-le-pain-a-4000-francs/}}</ref> Similar increases were also reported elsewhere in the country.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Barry|first=Ibrahima Kindi|date=2020-01-28|title=Secteur du pain : de la hausse des prix au risque de pénurie|url=https://ledjely.com/2020/01/28/secteur-du-pain-de-la-hausse-des-prix-au-risque-de-penurie/|url-status=live|access-date=2021-09-05|website=Ledjely.com|language=fr-FR|archive-date=28 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210228011941/https://ledjely.com/2020/01/28/secteur-du-pain-de-la-hausse-des-prix-au-risque-de-penurie/}}</ref> Public discontent ensued as a result.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-01-17|title=Guinée-Prix du pain : souci de soulager la population ou la crainte d'un " effet domino " ?|url=https://www.africaguinee.com/articles/2021/01/17/guinee-prix-du-pain-souci-de-soulager-la-population-ou-la-crainte-d-un-effet|url-status=live|access-date=2021-09-06|website=Africaguinee.com – Site officiel d'informations sur la Guinée et l'Afrique|language=fr|archive-date=1 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210201023509/https://www.africaguinee.com/articles/2021/01/17/guinee-prix-du-pain-souci-de-soulager-la-population-ou-la-crainte-d-un-effet}}</ref>

The economy in 2021 came battered as the [[COVID-19 pandemic in Guinea|COVID-19 pandemic]] loomed on the country.<ref name=":8">{{Cite web|date=2021-09-05|title=Coup d'État en Guinée, le président Alpha Condé capturé par les putschistes|url=https://ici.radio-canada.ca/nouvelle/1821827/guinee-afrique-pustsh-coup-armee|url-status=live|access-date=2021-09-06|website=AFP|language=fr-ca|via=[[Radio-Canada]]|archive-date=5 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210905145634/https://ici.radio-canada.ca/nouvelle/1821827/guinee-afrique-pustsh-coup-armee}}</ref> A month before the putsch attempt took place, increases in petrol prices from 9,000 to 11,000 [[Guinean franc]]s ([[United States dollar|US$]]1.12) per litre were announced.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-08-05|title=Guinée : le coup de pompe d'Alpha Condé|url=https://lejournaldelafrique.com/lafrique-daujourdhui/guinee-le-coup-de-pompe-dalpha-conde/|access-date=2021-09-05|website=Le Journal de l'Afrique|archive-date=7 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210807122504/https://lejournaldelafrique.com/lafrique-daujourdhui/guinee-le-coup-de-pompe-dalpha-conde/|url-status=live}}</ref> New taxes and tax hikes were approved in the weeks preceding the coup in an effort to balance the budget.<ref name=":2" /> The budget included provisions which increased funding of the [[National Assembly]] and presidential services but cut off some support for the security forces, such as the police and the military.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Guinea in turmoil as soldiers claim they have taken over|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/9/5/heavy-gunfire-heard-in-guinea-capital-conakry-witnesses|url-status=live|access-date=2021-09-05|website=[[Al Jazeera]]|language=en|archive-date=5 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210905171153/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/9/5/heavy-gunfire-heard-in-guinea-capital-conakry-witnesses}}</ref> A Western diplomat told ''[[The Daily Telegraph]]'' that the attack was provoked by the government trying to dismiss a senior member of the country's special forces.<ref name=":322">{{Cite news|date=2021-09-05|title=Guinea rocked by 'attempted coup' after gunfire heard at presidential palace|language=en-GB|work=The Telegraph|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/world-news/2021/09/05/guinea-rocked-attempted-coup-gunfire-heard-presidential-palace/|access-date=2021-09-05|issn=0307-1235|archive-date=5 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210905141919/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/world-news/2021/09/05/guinea-rocked-attempted-coup-gunfire-heard-presidential-palace/|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Coup ==
[[File:Scène de liesse à Conakry 01.jpg|thumb|237x237px|Guineans in support of the coup d'état on a truck, 5 September 2021]]
[[File:Chute_du_régime_-_Alpha_Condé_les_Guinéens_manifestent_dans_la_rue_pour_soutenir_le_coup_d'État.webm|thumb|240x240px|Guineans rallying in support of the coup d'état in [[Conakry]], 5 September 2021]]

The gunfire started at around 08:00 local time ([[Greenwich Mean Time|GMT]]) near the Presidential Palace.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|date=2021-09-05|title=Guinée : Alpha Condé arrêté par les putschistes – Jeune Afrique|url=https://www.jeuneafrique.com/1227529/politique/guinee-tentative-de-coup-detat-en-cours-a-conakry/|access-date=2021-09-05|website=JeuneAfrique.com|language=fr-FR|archive-date=5 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210905135111/https://www.jeuneafrique.com/1227529/politique/guinee-tentative-de-coup-detat-en-cours-a-conakry/|url-status=live}}</ref> Witnesses reported that the soldiers had cut off the [[Kaloum]] neighbourhood, which hosts many government offices,<ref name=":4">{{Cite web|last=Akinwotu|first=Emmanuel|date=2021-09-05|title=Guinean soldiers claim to have seized power in coup attempt|url=http://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/sep/05/guinean-soldiers-claim-to-have-seized-power-in-coup-attempt|url-status=live|access-date=2021-09-05|website=The Guardian|language=en|archive-date=5 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210905162925/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/sep/05/guinean-soldiers-claim-to-have-seized-power-in-coup-attempt}}</ref> and that the officers told people to stay home.<ref name=":5"/> While the Ministry of Defence said that the attack had been contained,<ref name=":03">{{Cite web|last1=Samb|first1=Saliou|last2=Bate|first2=Felix|last3=Lewis|first3=David|last4=Eboh|first4=Camillus|date=2021-09-06|title=Guinea soldiers say they have taken over|url=https://www.canberratimes.com.au/story/7417226/guinea-soldiers-say-government-dissolved/|url-status=live|access-date=2021-09-05|website=The Canberra Times|language=en-AU|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210905154946/https://www.canberratimes.com.au/story/7417226/guinea-soldiers-say-government-dissolved/ |archive-date=5 September 2021 }}</ref> photos of Condé being taken out of the building began to appear,<ref name=":1"/> and shortly afterwards, videos were posted of Condé being held by members of the [[Republic of Guinea Armed Forces|Guinean military]],<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":3">{{Cite web|last1=Diallo|first1=Boubakar|last2=Larson|first2=Crista|date=2021-09-05|title=Army colonel on Guinean TV says govt dissolved, borders shut|url=https://apnews.com/article/africa-guinea-army-government-dissolved-214f607402a533c581bbd7ef91d5bb0f|url-status=live|access-date=2021-09-05|website=AP NEWS|language=en|archive-date=5 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210905150005/https://apnews.com/article/africa-guinea-army-government-dissolved-214f607402a533c581bbd7ef91d5bb0f}}</ref> which were verified by a senior European intelligence official.<ref name=":0"/> Condé is reportedly being held in military detention.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-09-06|title=Guinea president held in military detention, say army coup leaders|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/sep/06/guinea-president-held-in-military-detention-say-army-coup-leaders|access-date=2021-09-07|website=the Guardian|language=en}}</ref>

[[Colonel]] [[Mamady Doumbouya]] soon issued a broadcast on state television, [[Radio Télévision Guinéenne]], in which he said the government and its institutions were dissolved, the constitution annulled, and Guinea's land and air borders shut (he later clarified that the country would be closed for at least a week).<ref name=":5" /><ref name=":3" /><ref>{{Cite web|last=Ngueyap|first=Romuald|title=Liaisons aériennes suspendues, frontières fermées : la Guinée Conakry s'isole à nouveau|url=https://www.agenceecofin.com/transports/0609-91201-liaisons-aeriennes-suspendues-frontieres-fermees-la-guinee-conakry-s-isole-a-nouveau|access-date=2021-09-06|website=Agence Ecofin|language=fr-fr}}</ref> In the broadcast, he said that the [[National Committee of Reconciliation and Development]] ({{Lang-fr|Comité national du rassemblement et du développement}}, CNRD) would steer the country for an 18-month transition period.<ref name=":4" /><ref name=":03" /><ref>{{Cite web|title=Guinea: A faction of the military announces suspension of government in an apparent military coup, Sept. 5; the situation remains uncertain /update 3|url=https://www.garda.com/crisis24/news-alerts/521176/guinea-a-faction-of-the-military-announces-suspension-of-government-in-an-apparent-military-coup-sept-5-the-situation-remains-uncertain-update-3|access-date=2021-09-05|website=GardaWorld|language=en}}</ref> They also urged for government workers to return to work on Monday, 6 September, and ordered the government to appear on a meeting at 11:00 on 6 September, lest they be considered rebels.<ref name=":5" /> [[Mamady Doumbouya|Doumbouya]], a former [[French Foreign Legion|French legionnaire]] who returned to Guinea in 2018 to take command of the Groupement des forces spéciales (Special Forces Group), an elite unit of the Guinean armed forces, is reported to be the instigator of the coup attempt.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":03" />

After President Condé was deposed, large crowds cheered the news of the overthrow in the capital and countryside.<ref name=":0"/><ref name=":2"/><ref name=":8"/> In the evening, the coup leaders announced a national [[curfew]] from 8 p.m. on 5 September "until further notice", while pledging to replace heads of the [[Regions of Guinea|regions]] and [[Prefectures of Guinea|prefectures]] with military commissioners and replacing ministers by general secretaries the following morning,<ref name=":7">{{Cite web|date=2021-09-05|title=Army seizes power in Guinea, holds president|url=https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20210905-army-seizes-power-in-guinea-holds-president|url-status=live|access-date=2021-09-06|website=AFP|language=en|via=France 24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210905225118/https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20210905-army-seizes-power-in-guinea-holds-president |archive-date=5 September 2021 }}</ref><ref name=":8"/> which already started happening in the inland parts of the country.<ref name=":10">{{Cite web|date=2021-09-06|title=Changement de pouvoir en Guinée : Lamine Keïta remplace Mohamed Gharé au gouvernorat de N'Zérékoré|url=https://guineematin.com/changement-de-pouvoir-en-guinee-lamine-keita-remplace-mohamed-ghare-au-gouvernorat-de-nzerekore/|url-status=live|access-date=2021-09-06|website=Guinée Matin|language=fr-FR|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210906154726/https://guineematin.com/changement-de-pouvoir-en-guinee-lamine-keita-remplace-mohamed-ghare-au-gouvernorat-de-nzerekore/ |archive-date=6 September 2021 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-09-06|title=Koubia : le commandant du camp militaire remplace le préfet et remercie les nouvelles autorités|url=https://guineematin.com/koubia-le-commandant-du-camp-militaire-remplace-le-prefet-et-remercie-les-nouvelles-autorites/|url-status=live|access-date=2021-09-06|website=Guinée Matin|language=fr-FR|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210906154736/https://guineematin.com/koubia-le-commandant-du-camp-militaire-remplace-le-prefet-et-remercie-les-nouvelles-autorites/ |archive-date=6 September 2021 }}</ref> Despite the curfew, looting of shops occurred in the government district overnight.<ref name=":9">{{Cite web|date=2021-09-06|title=Guinea coup leader bars foreign travel for government officials|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/uneasy-calm-guinea-after-president-condes-apparent-ouster-2021-09-06/|access-date=2021-09-06|website=Reuters|language=en|archive-date=6 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210906124021/https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/uneasy-calm-guinea-after-president-condes-apparent-ouster-2021-09-06/|url-status=live}}</ref> By evening on 5 September, the coup leaders declared control over all Conakry and the country's armed forces,<ref name=":8" /> and, according to ''Guinée Matin,'' the military fully controlled the state administration by 6 September and started to replace the civil administration with its military counterpart.<ref name=":10" />

The next morning, the coup leaders assembled government ministers and ordered them not to leave the country and hand over their official vehicles to the military, while promising consultations "to determine the general direction of the transition", announcing that a "unity government" would conduct such transition and pledging "not to make a [[witch-hunt]]" while in power (though the dates of transition were not given).<ref name=":9" /><ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-09-06|title=En Guinée, le chef putschiste Mamady Doumbouya promet un gouvernement "d'union"|url=https://www.france24.com/fr/afrique/20210906-coup-d-%C3%A9tat-en-guin%C3%A9e-les-putschistes-convoquent-autoritairement-les-anciens-ministres|access-date=2021-09-06|website=France 24|language=fr}}</ref> They were afterwards detained and transported to the nearby military unit.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-09-06|title=Vidéo. Les ministres et présidents d'institutions aussi arrêtés ?|url=https://www.guinee7.com/video-les-ministres-et-presidents-dinstitutions-aussi-arretes/|url-status=live|access-date=2021-09-06|website=Guinee7.com|language=fr-FR|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210906144517/https://www.guinee7.com/video-les-ministres-et-presidents-dinstitutions-aussi-arretes/ |archive-date=6 September 2021 }}</ref> Curfew was lifted in mining communities the same morning, but remained intact for the rest of the country,<ref name=":9" /> and most shops were still reported closed.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-09-06|title=Conakry. Le centre administratif au ralenti malgré l'appel de la junte au pouvoir|url=https://www.guinee7.com/conakry-le-centre-administratif-au-ralenti-malgre-lappel-de-la-junte-au-pouvoir/|url-status=live|access-date=2021-09-06|website=Guinee7.com|language=fr-FR|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210906112344/https://www.guinee7.com/conakry-le-centre-administratif-au-ralenti-malgre-lappel-de-la-junte-au-pouvoir/ |archive-date=6 September 2021 }}</ref>

==Ramifications==
After news came of the coup, aluminium prices on world markets climbed to a decade high, beating the record set in 2006 for Chinese markets amid [[bauxite]] supply concerns (Guinea is a major producer of bauxite, the main source of aluminium).<ref>{{cite news |author=<!--Staff writer(s)/no by-line.--> |title=Guinea coup leader to form new government in weeks |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-58461436 |publisher=[[BBC News]] |date=6 September 2021 |access-date=6 September 2021}}</ref> On the [[London Metal Exchange]], aluminium was traded for as much as {{US$}}2,782 per tonne.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2021-09-06|title=Aluminum Jumps as Guinea Coup Attempt Fuels Supply Concerns|work=Bloomberg|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2021-09-06/aluminum-climbs-to-10-year-high-after-coup-attempt-in-guinea|access-date=2021-09-06}}</ref>

A [[2022 FIFA World Cup qualification – CAF Second Round|FIFA World Cup qualification match]] between [[Guinea national football team|Guinea]] and [[Morocco national football team|Morocco]] scheduled for 6 September was postponed due to the coup. The Morocco team were trapped in their hotel until they were able to evacuate to a local airport.<ref>{{cite news |last=Dove |first=Ed |date=5 September 2021 |title=Guinea-Morocco World Cup qualifier postponed after Conakry coup d'etat |url=https://www.espn.com/soccer/fifa-world-cup-qualifying-caf/story/4468785/guinea-morocco-world-cup-qualifier-postponed-after-conakry-coup-detat |publisher=[[ESPN]] |accessdate=5 September 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=5 September 2021 |title=Guinea World Cup Qualifier Postponed Due to Military Coup |url=https://www.si.com/soccer/2021/09/06/guinea-world-cup-qualifier-military-coup-morocco |work=[[Sports Illustrated]] |agency=[[Associated Press]] |accessdate=5 September 2021 |archive-date=6 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210906121756/https://www.si.com/soccer/2021/09/06/guinea-world-cup-qualifier-military-coup-morocco |url-status=live }}</ref> [[François Kamano]], a [[Forward (association football)|forward]] who transferred to [[Lokomotiv Moscow]] the previous month, also found himself unable to return to Moscow for training.<ref>{{Cite web|title="Локомотив" прилагает все усилия для возвращения футболиста Камано из Гвинеи|url=https://tass.ru/sport/12309361|access-date=2021-09-06|website=ТАСС}}</ref> The same thing happened to [[Neftçi PFK|Neftchi]] midfielder [[Mamadou Kané]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://apa.az/az/xeber/futbol/neftcinin-futbolcusu-qvineyada-herbi-cevrilise-gore-bakiya-qayida-bilmir-660048|title="Neftçi"nin futbolçusu Qvineyada hərbi çevrilişə görə Bakıya qayıda bilmir|website=Apa.az}}</ref>

== Reactions ==
=== Domestic ===
[[File:Scène de liesse à Conakry 05.jpg|thumb|Scene of popular support in Conakry after the coup]]
[[Jacques Gbonimy]], head of the opposition [[Union for the Progress of Guinea]] (UPG), stated in an interview to ''[[Guinée Matin]]'' that he was not surprised by the coup, maintaining that "all the conditions were met for the army to seize power" and blamed mismanagement of Condé's government for the overthrow. While he did not support nor oppose the putschists, he said that he was satisfied by the way the military handled the takeover.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Guineematin|date=2021-09-05|title=Coup d'Etat en Guinée : " ça ne nous étonne pas " (Jacques Gbonimy)|url=https://guineematin.com/coup-detat-en-guinee-ca-ne-nous-etonne-pas-jacques-gbonimy/|access-date=2021-09-06|website=Guinée Matin – Les Nouvelles de la Guinée profonde|language=fr-FR}}</ref> [[Saikou Yaya]] of the [[Union of Republican Forces]] (UFR), also in opposition during Condé's regime, has similarly argued that the government not listening to the opposition and the Guinean people led to the coup.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Guineematin|date=2021-09-05|title=Saïkou Yaya (UFR) sur le coup d’Etat en Guinée : " Alpha Condé a fait la sourde oreille&nbsp;… "|url=https://guineematin.com/saikou-yaya-ufr-sur-le-coup-detat-en-guinee-alpha-conde-a-fait-la-sourde-oreille/|access-date=2021-09-06|website=Guinée Matin – Les Nouvelles de la Guinée profonde|language=fr-FR}}</ref>

[[Union syndicale des travailleurs de Guinée]] (USTG), the nation's federation of trade unions, said it was observing the situation "with great interest", acknowledged the coup and asked the military to uphold its promises and to help to "save the economical and social order" of Guinea.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-09-06|title=Chute du dictateur Alpha Condé : la réaction de l'USTG|url=https://guineematin.com/chute-du-dictateur-alpha-conde-la-reaction-de-lustg/|url-status=live|access-date=2021-09-06|website=Guinée Matin|language=fr-FR|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210906131930/https://guineematin.com/chute-du-dictateur-alpha-conde-la-reaction-de-lustg/ |archive-date=6 September 2021 }}</ref> The Front National pour la Défense de la Constitution (FNDC), which initiated the [[2019–2020 Guinean protests|protests]] against constitutional reform as proposed by Condé back in autumn 2019, also "took note of the declarations of a peaceful and inclusive transfer of power", but said it "waited for explanation on the methods".<ref>{{Cite news|date=2021-09-06|title=L'incertitude règne en Guinée après le renversement du président Alpha Condé|language=fr|work=Le Monde.fr|url=https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2021/09/06/en-guinee-l-incertitude-regne-apres-le-renversement-d-alpha-conde_6093541_3212.html|access-date=2021-09-06}}</ref>

=== International ===
* '''{{BEL}}''': [[Sophie Wilmès]], the [[Minister of Foreign Affairs (Belgium)|Minister of Foreign Affairs]], condemned the military takeover, and called for the release of those detained and for return to the constitutional order and the rule of law.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-09-05|title=DIRECT – Guinée : après le coup d'État, les putschistes annoncent une transition|url=https://information.tv5monde.com/afrique/guinee-conakry-des-tirs-l-arme-automatique-et-des-militaires-dans-les-rues-423092|access-date=2021-09-06|website=TV5MONDE|language=fr|archive-date=5 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210905151128/https://information.tv5monde.com/afrique/guinee-conakry-des-tirs-l-arme-automatique-et-des-militaires-dans-les-rues-423092|url-status=live}}</ref>
* '''{{BDI}}''': [[Évariste Ndayishimiye|Evariste Ndayishimiye]], the [[president of Burundi]], has "in strongest terms condemn[ed]" the coup and called to return to constitutional order.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Forson|first=Viviane|date=2021-09-06|title=Guinée : réactions et questions après le coup de force des militaires|url=https://www.lepoint.fr/afrique/guinee-reactions-et-questions-apres-le-coup-de-force-des-militaires-06-09-2021-2441630_3826.php|access-date=2021-09-06|website=Le Point|language=fr}}</ref>
* '''{{CHN}}''': [[Wang Wenbin]], the spokesperson of [[Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People's Republic of China|Ministry of Foreign Affairs]], condemned the coup, called for the immediate release of president Condé and urged restraint on both parties while asking to resolve the conflict through dialogue and consultation.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-09-06|title=Embassy in Guinea urges Chinese to stay alert after apparent coup|url=https://www.scmp.com/news/china/diplomacy/article/3147697/embassy-guinea-urges-chinese-stay-calm-and-alert-after-elite|access-date=2021-09-06|website=South China Morning Post|language=en}}</ref>  {{See|China–Guinea relations}}
* '''{{FRA}}''': The [[Ministry of Europe and Foreign Affairs]] condemned the coup and called for the immediate release of president Condé.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Guinée : la France condamne la tentative de putsch et appelle à la libération du président Alpha Condé|date=2021-09-05|url=https://www.francetvinfo.fr/monde/afrique/guinee/guinee-des-putschistes-affirment-avoir-capture-le-president-alpha-conde-la-situation-est-confuse-a-conakry_4760967.html|website=Franceinfo|access-date=2021-09-06|language=fr|archive-date=6 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210906092155/https://www.francetvinfo.fr/monde/afrique/guinee/guinee-des-putschistes-affirment-avoir-capture-le-president-alpha-conde-la-situation-est-confuse-a-conakry_4760967.html|url-status=live}}.</ref>
* '''{{GMB}}''': A statement from the [[Minister of Foreign Affairs (The Gambia)|Minister of Foreign Affairs]] [[Mamadou Tangara]] said that, aligning with the principles of the [[African Union]] and [[ECOWAS]], it condemned the military takeover, called for return to constitutional order, urged release of civilian leaders and maintaining the rule of law.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-09-05|title=The Gambia Government Condemns Coup D'etat In The Republic Of Guinea|url=https://www.gambia.com/the-gambia-government-condemns-coup-detat-in-the-republic-of-guinea/|access-date=2021-09-06|website=Gambia.com|language=en-US}}</ref>
* '''{{DEU}}''': A spokesperson for the [[Federal Foreign Office]] has "strongly condemned the attempt to seize power by armed violence" and sided with ECOWAS and the African Union in its demands to unconditionally release Condé and other detainees and to return to constitutional order.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-09-06|title=The Federal Foreign Office on developments in Guinea|url=https://www.auswaertiges-amt.de/en/newsroom/news/entwicklungen-guinea/2480194|url-status=live|access-date=2021-09-06|website=German Federal Foreign Office|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210906173355/https://www.auswaertiges-amt.de/en/newsroom/news/entwicklungen-guinea/2480194 |archive-date=6 September 2021 }}</ref>
* '''{{GNB}}''': A spokesperson for the [[Minister of Foreign Affairs (Guinea-Bissau)|Ministry of Foreign Affairs]] said on 6 September that the government would have an official position the following day, and urged not to make hot-tempered decisions until concrete information appears concerning the coup.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-09-06|title=Guiné-Bissau atenta à situação em Conacri|url=https://www.rfi.fr/pt/%C3%A1frica/20210906-guin%C3%A9-bissau-acompanha-acontecimentos-em-conacri|url-status=live|access-date=2021-09-06|website=Radio France Internationale|language=pt|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210906150639/https://www.rfi.fr/pt/%C3%A1frica/20210906-guin%C3%A9-bissau-acompanha-acontecimentos-em-conacri |archive-date=6 September 2021 }}</ref>
* '''{{LBR}}''': [[George Weah]], [[president of Liberia]], called for the immediate release of Alpha Condé and called on Guinea's new military leaders to “adhere to the tenets of civilian rule and democracy”.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.emansion.gov.lr/2press.php?news_id=5429&related=7&pg=sp|title=President Weah Calls for Rule of Law, Calm in Guinea&nbsp;… Holds Nat’l Security Council Meeting Today|date=5 September 2022|access-date=5 September 2021}}</ref>
* '''{{MEX}}''': The [[Secretariat of Foreign Affairs (Mexico)|Secretariat of Foreign Affairs]] condemned the coup in the strongest terms and called for Condé's immediate release.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Murillo |first1=Eduardo |title=Gobierno de México condena golpe de Estado en Guinea |trans-title=Government of Mexico condemns coup in Guinea|url=https://www.msn.com/es-mx/noticias/mexico/gobierno-de-m%C3%A9xico-condena-golpe-de-estado-en-guinea/ar-AAO8aBY |access-date=5 September 2021 |agency=MSN |date=5 September 2021 |language=Spanish}}</ref>
* '''{{NGA}}''': The Nigerian [[Minister of Foreign Affairs (Nigeria)|Ministry of Foreign Affairs]] has stated that Guinea's "apparent coup d'état" violated [[ECOWAS]] rules, and urged the country to return to the constitutional order.<ref name=":2"/><ref name=":6">{{Cite web|date=2021-09-05|title=Nigeria, UN condemn Guinea coup, demand release of detained President Condé|url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/headlines/483232-nigeria-un-condemn-guinea-coup-demand-release-of-detained-president-conde.html|url-status=live|access-date=2021-09-05|website=[[Premium Times]]|language=en-GB|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210905203419/https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/headlines/483232-nigeria-un-condemn-guinea-coup-demand-release-of-detained-president-conde.html |archive-date=5 September 2021 }}</ref>
* '''{{ESP}}''': The [[Spanish Government]] condemned the violence, called for a return to the constitutional order and of the democratic institutions of Guinea, and associated itself to ECOWAS in calling for the liberation of the president and return of the soldiers to their barracks.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Government of Spain |title=El Gobierno llama al restablecimiento del orden constitucional en Conakry |url=https://www.lamoncloa.gob.es/serviciosdeprensa/notasprensa/exteriores/Paginas/2021/060921-comunicadoconakry.aspx |date=6 September 2021 |language=es}}</ref>
* '''{{TUR}}''': The [[Minister of Foreign Affairs (Turkey)|Foreign Ministry]] condemned the coup and called for the president to be released as well as the restoration of its constitution.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Turkey condemns military takeover in Guinea|date=2021-09-05|url=https://www.dailysabah.com/politics/diplomacy/turkey-condemns-military-takeover-in-guinea/amp|website=dailysabah.com|access-date=5 September 2021}}</ref>
* '''{{USA}}''': The [[U.S. State Department]] immediately condemned the coup, warned against "violence and any extra-constitutional measures," and noted they "could limit the ability of the United States and Guinea's other international partners to support the country&nbsp;..." – calling for "national dialogue to address concerns sustainably and transparently to enable a peaceful and democratic way forward&nbsp;..."<ref name="us_relations_2021_09_05_state_gov">[https://www.state.gov/on-the-military-seizure-of-power-in-guinea/ "On the Military Seizure of Power in Guinea,"], September 5, 2021, [[United States Department of State]], retrieved September 6, 2021</ref><ref name="guinea_coup_leader_2021_09_06_reuters">[https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/uneasy-calm-guinea-after-president-condes-apparent-ouster-2021-09-06/ "Guinea coup leader bars foreign travel for government officials,"] [[Reuters News Service]], retrieved September 6, 2021</ref>

==== Organisations ====
International organisations, including the [[African Union]], the [[Economic Community of West African States]] (ECOWAS), the [[European Union]] (EU) and the [[United Nations]] (UN), joined in denouncing the attempt and calling for the release of president Condé.<ref name=":8"/><ref>{{cite news |title=ECOWAS suspends Guinea, announces mediation mission |url=https://guardian.ng/news/ecowas-suspends-guinea-announces-mediation-mission/ |access-date=9 September 2021 |agency=Agence France-Presse |via=The Guardian |date=8 September 2021}}</ref><ref name=":7"/><ref name=":6" />

ECOWAS immediately suspended Guinea's membership, called for the President's unconditional release, and sent envoys to Conakry to attempt a "constitutional" resolution to the situation.<ref name="leaders_due_in_guinea_2021_09_09_reuters">[https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/west-african-leaders-due-guinea-post-coup-calm-pervades-conakry-2021-09-09/ West African leaders due in Guinea as post-coup calm pervades Conakry,"] September 9, 2021, [[Reuters News Service]], retrieved September 9, 2021</ref><ref name="leaders_suspend_guinea_2021_09_08_bbc">[https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-58487925 "West African leaders suspend Guinea from Ecowas following coup,"] September 9, 2021, [[BBC News]], retrieved September 9, 2021</ref> On 17 September 2021, a group from ECOWAS – led by the bloc's chair, [[Ghana]]'s President [[Nana Akufo-Addo]], visited Conakry to meet with junta leaders.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-09-17|title=Ghana's Akufo-Addo to meet Guinea's sanction-hit junta|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/ghanas-akufo-addo-meet-guineas-sanction-hit-junta-2021-09-17/|access-date=2021-09-17|website=Reuters|language=en}}</ref>

On 10 September 2021, the [[African Union]] suspended Guinea's membership in response to the coup.<ref>{{cite news |title=African Union suspends Guinea after coup, as envoys arrive for talks |url=https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20210910-african-union-suspends-guinea-after-coup-ousting-cond%C3%A9 |access-date=11 September 2021 |work=[[France24]] |date=10 September 2021}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[1984 Guinean coup d'état]]
* [[2008 Guinean coup d'état]]
* [[2019–2020 Guinean protests]]
* [[2010 Nigerien coup d'état]]
* [[2020 Malian coup d'état]]

== Einzelnachweise ==
<references />

== Weblinks ==
* {{youTube|obrEd_H4h6A|A fragment of military coup d'état, near the presidential palace, 5 September 2021}}

{{Guinean coups}}
{{Guinea topics}}
{{Years in Guinea}}
{{African coups d'État}}
{{Coup d'état}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Guinean coup d'état, 2021}}<nowiki>
[[Category:2021 in Guinea|Coup d'état]]
[[Category:2020s coups d'état and coup attempts]]
[[Category:Articles containing video clips]]
[[Category:Conakry]]
[[Category:Conflicts in 2021]]
[[Category:Military coups in Guinea]]
[[Category:September 2021 events in Africa]]
</nowiki>