Quelltext der Seite Benutzer:Shi Annan/Tian Feng

{{Importartikel}}
{{good article}}
{{short description|Chinese Christian magazine}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2019}}
{{Infobox magazine
| title           = Tian Feng
| logo            = 
| logo_size       = <!-- default is 180px -->
| image_file      = Tian Feng (magazine).jpg<!-- cover.jpg (omit the "file:" prefix) -->
| image_size      = <!-- default is 180px -->
| image_alt       = 
| image_caption   = 
| editor          = Mei Kangjun<!-- up to |editor5= -->
| editor_title    = Editor-in-chief<!-- up to |editor_title5= -->
| previous_editor = Shen Derong, Shen Cheng'en, [[Y. T. Wu]]
| staff_writer    = 
| photographer    = 
| category        = [[Christian media]]
| frequency       = Monthly
| format          = 
| circulation     = 
| publisher       = [[Three-Self Patriotic Movement]] (TSPM) and [[China Christian Council]] (CCC)
| paid_circulation   = 
| unpaid_circulation = 
| circulation_year   = 2000
| total_circulation  = 130,000
| founder         = [[Y. T. Wu]]
| founded         = 1945
| firstdate       = <!-- {{Start date and age|df=yes|YYYY|MM|DD}} -->
| finaldate       = <!-- {{End date|df=yes|YYYY|MM|DD}} -->
| finalnumber     = 
| company         = 
| country         = [[China]]
| based           = 169 Yuanmingyuan Road, [[Shanghai]]{{sfn|Towery|2000|p=213}}
| language        = [[Chinese language|Chinese]]
| website         = {{URL|http://www.ccctspm.org/skywind}}
| issn            = 1006-1274
| oclc            = 182562933
}}
{{Infobox Chinese
| title             = ''Tian Feng: The Magazine of the Protestant Churches in China''
| t                 = 天風．中国基督教杂志<!-- Traditional -->
| s                 = 天风．中国基督教杂志<!-- Simplified -->
| l                 = Heavenly wind<!-- Literal Meaning -->
}}
'''''Tian Feng: The Magazine of the Protestant Churches in China'''''<ref name="SiKuhlmann2017">{{cite book|last1=Si|first1=Barbara Hoster|last2=Kuhlmann|first2=Dirk|last3=Wesolowski|first3=Zbigniew|title=Rooted in Hope: China - Religion - Christianity / Festschrift in Honor of Roman Malek S.V.D. on the Occasion of His 65th Birthday|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8zQlDwAAQBAJ&pg=PR41|year=2017|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-1-351-67278-8|page=XLI}}</ref> ({{lang-zh|c=天风．中国基督教杂志|l=Heavenly wind}}<ref name="zhaz_天风．中">{{Cite web |script-title=zh:天风．中国基督教杂志杂志官网 | work = zhazhi.com | access-date = 29 May 2017 | url = http://www.zhazhi.com/qikan/shxzx/zjn/326.html | language = zh }}</ref><ref name="Fällman2009">{{cite book|last=Fällman|first=Frederik|editor-last=Davis|editor-first=Edward L.|title=Encyclopedia of Contemporary Chinese Culture|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2rLBvrlKI7QC&pg=PA832|year=2009|publisher=Taylor & Francis|location=Oxon|isbn=978-0-415-77716-2|page=832|chapter=Tianfeng}}</ref>) is the organ of the [[Three-Self Patriotic Movement]] (TSPM), the state-sanctioned body of [[Protestantism in China|Protestant Christians in China]], and the most widely circulated Christian magazine in the country.

The magazine  was founded in 1945 as '''''Tian Feng: The Christian Weekly''''' by [[Y. T. Wu]] and others as an initially [[liberal Christian]] publication published by the [[YMCA]]. In 1948 he published an article titled "The Present Day Tragedy of Christianity" criticizing foreign missionaries, for which he was fired as editor. ''Tian Feng'' became the official organ of the newly founded TSPM in 1949{{efn|name="TSPM"}} representing Protestants in the communist government's official religious policy. The magazine would side with the government, suppress unapproved Christian sects, and discredit theologians who were out of line. At the height of the [[Cultural Revolution]], writing on [[theology]] became increasingly rare, and the magazine was discontinued in 1964. Following the Cultural Revolution, ''Tian Feng'' returned with a new inaugural issue on 20 October 1980. While still promoting officially sanctioned religious policy, ''Tian Feng'' occasionally expresses hopes for [[ecumenism]] or criticizes certain impediments to the [[freedom of religion in China]].

==History==
[[File:吳耀宗.jpg|thumb|left|[[Y. T. Wu]], the inaugural editor of ''Tian Feng'' 
fired in 1948 because of his [[Marxist]] views, had to apologize for not being Marxist enough just three years later.]]
''Tian Feng'' was founded in 1945 as ''Tian Feng: The Christian Weekly''.<ref name="worl_Dian">{{Cite book | title = Dianfeng = The Christian weekly. (Journal, magazine, 1945) [WorldCat.org] | work = worldcat.org | oclc = 246726263}}</ref> It was initially published in [[Chongqing]] by the [[YMCA]] and had [[liberal Christian]] leanings.<ref name="Fällman2009"/><ref name="Ling1999">{{cite book|last=Ling|first=Oi Ki|title=The Changing Role of the British Protestant Missionaries in China, 1945-1952|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=efKtWzLQ4vUC&pg=PA17|year=1999|publisher=Fairleigh Dickinson University Press|location=Madison|isbn=978-0-8386-3776-0|page=17}}</ref>{{sfn|Wickeri|2011|p=xxiv}} Its founders included [[Y. T. Wu]],<ref name="Fällman2009"/> who became the first editor. Some of Wu's most important [[theological]] articles were published in the journal.<ref name="Fällman2009"/>{{sfn|Wickeri|2011|p=xxiv}} These included "[[The Present Day Tragedy of Christianity]]",<ref>{{cite book|author=Peter Tze Ming Ng|title=Chinese Christianity: An Interplay Between Global and Local Perspectives|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ec3da4VAddIC&pg=PA208|year=2012|publisher=BRILL|location=Leiden|isbn=978-90-04-22574-9|page=208}}</ref> which was published around Easter of 1948. In the article, he criticized foreign missionary activities in [[China]] and equated Protestantism with exploitative capitalism; he called them "two expressions of the same society". As a result, Wu was fired from his position as an editor of ''Tian Feng''.{{sfn|Wickeri|2011|p=122}}

===Organ of the Three-Self Patriotic Movement===
The [[People's Republic of China]] was proclaimed in 1949. ''Tian Feng'' writings in the late 1940s and early 1950s sometimes exhibited enthusiasm about the prospects of the new society brought about by the [[Chinese Communist Revolution]].{{sfn|Wickeri|2011|p=127}} Chinese Protestants ceased to credit foreign missionaries for their religious and humanitarian work in China and instead started criticizing them for being tools of Western imperialism.{{sfn|Keating|2012|pp=61–62}} In 1949, ''Tian Feng'' became the official organ of the [[Three-Self Patriotic Movement]] (TSPM).<ref name="Fällman2009"/>{{efn|name="TSPM"|Then called Three-Self Reform Movement<ref name="Junio2017">{{cite book|last=Junio|first=Diana|title=Patriotic Cooperation: The Border Services of the Church of Christ in China and Chinese Church-State Relations, 1920s to 1950s|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qBy9DgAAQBAJ&pg=PA296|year=2017|publisher=BRILL|location=Leiden|isbn=978-90-04-34176-0|page=296}}</ref>}} That year it published an open letter signed by 19 Chinese Christian leaders calling for the perceived relationship of foreign [[missionaries]] and foreign governments to be exposed.{{sfn|Keating|2012|p=95}} The Chinese [[State Affairs Council]] had initiated a campaign to denounce foreign missionaries in 1951. Chinese Christian leaders now had to defile their former co-workers and confidants.{{sfn|Wickeri|2011|p=134}} Many such statements of denouncements were published in ''Tian Feng''.{{sfn|Wickeri|2011|p=136}} Y. T. Wu, too, had to make a public confession in the magazine for not having supported the communists enough.{{sfn|Aikman|2012|p=149}} Others also wrote their confessions in ''Tian Feng'', but were [[purged]]. This was the fate of {{illm|Isaac Wei|zh|魏以撒}}, the leader of the independent [[True Jesus Church]], who confessed in 1952,{{sfn|Starr|2016|p=229}} but ended up in prison.<ref>{{cite book|editor-last=Hoke|editor-first=Donald E.|title=The Church in Asia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WA4QAQAAIAAJ|year=1975|publisher=Moody Press|location=Chicago|isbn=978-0-8024-1543-1|page=173}}</ref> In 1954, ''Tian Feng'' was used to discredit [[Wang Ming-Dao]],{{sfn|Aikman|2012|p=202}} a prominent evangelist who was determined to keep his [[Christian Tabernacle]] church out of the TSPM.{{sfn|Aikman|2012|p=60}}{{sfn|Aikman|2012|p=63}} He had himself previously published uncompromising essays in the magazine.{{sfn|Wickeri|2011|p=167}} In 1956 it was the turn of [[Watchman Nee]], a leader of the anti-communist [[local churches affiliation]] who had been long persecuted by the government, to be attacked in an editorial of ''Tian Feng''.{{sfn|Wickeri|2011|p=163}} [[Hu Feng]], a literary theorist who was opposed to politicization of literature,{{sfn|Wickeri|2015|p=183}} was also  discredited on its pages, in 1955.{{sfn|Wickeri|2015|p=183n5}}
{{clear}}

===From "The Christian Manifesto" to the Cultural Revolution===
During the 1950s and 1960s the contents of the magazine were markedly political.<ref name="Fällman2009"/> It contained views of the newly founded TSPM and its "unique synthesis of Christianity and nationalism".{{sfn|Starr|2016|p=232}} On 28 July 1950, the Chinese government set out "[[The Christian Manifesto]]",{{sfn|Keating|2012|p=91}} largely masterminded by Wu,{{sfn|Starr|2016|p=230}} that urged Chinese Christians to pledge allegiance to the new People's Republic.{{sfn|Keating|2012|p=92}} ''Tian Feng'' closely followed the success of the manifesto and the number of its signatories that in 1954 had reached 400,000, although this figure has since been disputed.{{sfn|Keating|2012|p=93}} During the 1950s it also published photos of the achievements of the [[Great Leap Forward]].{{sfn|Keating|2012|p=121}} In addition to overtly political material, ''Tian Feng'' in its early TSPM years provided an "open forum" for adapting Christianity to the new communist China and some positive results were yielded in public discussions published in the magazine.<ref>{{cite book|editor-last1=Ruokanen|editor-first1=Miikka|editor-last2=Huang|editor-first2=Paulos|author=Deng Fucun|title=Christianity and Chinese Culture|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iWDgm6xehI8C&pg=PA299|date=2010|publisher=Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing|location=Grand Rapids|isbn=978-0-8028-6556-4|chapter=The Basis for the Reconstruction of Chinese Theological Thinking|page=299}}</ref> At times, ''Tian Feng'' even acted as the "[[agony aunt]]" of Christian communities, coaching them on everyday practice.{{sfn|Starr|2016|p=232}} Local pastors and seminary professors would answer questions submitted by congregations.{{sfn|Wickeri|2011|p=259}} One article, for instance, gave advice about whether portraits of [[Mao Zedong]] needed to be hung on walls in churches.{{sfn|Starr|2016|p=232}} Meanwhile, the publication of essays that continued to condemn missionaries as imperialists continued.{{sfn|Wickeri|2011|p=174}}

With the mounting ultra-leftist tendencies that would ultimately lead to the [[Cultural Revolution]], Christian activities became constrained. Although ''Tian Feng'' continued publication for the time being, its publication of theological articles ended in 1959.{{sfn|Wickeri|2011|p=273}}

Although the political flavor was toned down from 1960 on, the magazine remained a "mouthpiece of the government". At the same time, issues became progressively thinner until publication ceased in 1964.{{sfn|Keating|2012|p=121}} The paper was continued after the end of the Cultural Revolution. Its first new printing was on 20 October 1980 with 15,000 copies.<ref name="ZH">{{cite book|script-title=zh:中国基督教三自爱国运动五十周年纪念影集|trans-title=Three-self patriotic movement of the Protestant churches in China|location=Shanghai|url=https://books.google.com/?id=Yq9JAQAAIAAJ&q=Tianfeng|year=2000|publisher=中国基督敎三自爱国运动委员会|page=4}}</ref>{{sfn|Wickeri|2015|p=527}}

Throughout the years, ''Tian Feng'' acted as an important platform of publishing for [[K. H. Ting]], the chairman of TSPM.{{sfn|Wickeri|2015|p=551}}

Most recently, since the TSPM and [[China Christian Council]] (CCC) have begun their controversial "[[Reconstruction of Theological Thinking]]" project, ''Tian Feng'' has lost subscribers.<ref>{{cite book|editor-last1=Ruokanen|editor-first1=Miikka|editor-last2=Huang|editor-first2=Paulos|author=Zhu Xiaohong|title=Christianity and Chinese Culture|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iWDgm6xehI8C&pg=PA320|date=2010|publisher=Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing|location=Grand Rapids|isbn=978-0-8028-6556-4|chapter=Call for Dialogue and Cooperation: Reflections on ''Jianshe'' or the Reconstruction of Theological Thinking|page=320}}</ref>

==Format==
[[File:CCCTSPM.jpg|thumb|The office of the [[Three-Self Patriotic Movement]] (TSPM) and [[China Christian Council]] (CCC). ''Tian Feng'' is jointly published by these ''[[Lianghui (Protestantism)|lianghui]]'' (double organization) in [[Shanghai]].]]
''Tian Feng'' is now the most popular Christian magazine in China<ref name="Fällman2009"/> and is distributed on a nationwide basis.<ref name="Miller2006"/> At times, it has been the only such magazine available. It is the only Protestant magazine that is sold abroad.<ref name="Fällman2009"/>

Since publishing restarted in 1980, ''Tian Feng'' has been a monthly magazine.<ref name="Fällman2009"/> It is published jointly by the National Committee of the TSPM and CCC in [[Shanghai]].<ref name="AndersonTang2005">{{cite book|last1=Anderson|first1=Allan|last2=Tang|first2=Edmond|title=Asian and Pentecostal: The Charismatic Face of Christianity in Asia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LDZgKELq7AoC&pg=PA431|year=2005|publisher=OCMS|isbn=978-1-870345-43-9|page=431}}</ref> For CCC, its publishing activities are run by its ''Tian Feng'' Editorial Committee.<ref name="heri_Heri">{{Cite web | title = The Publication Work of the Church in China | author = Chen Meilin | publisher = Heritage Congregational Church | date = February 2002 | access-date = 31 May 2017 | url = http://www.heritagemadison.org/publicat.html }}</ref>

The magazine disseminates the views of TSPM and CCC as well as religious policy of the [[Chinese government]], along with devotional articles.<ref name="Fällman2009"/> Typical contents also include poems, color photographs,{{sfn|Towery|2000|p=98}} church news, sermons, and Bible studies.<ref name="Bohr1983">{{cite journal|last1=Bohr|first1=P. Richard|title=State and Religion in China Today: Christianity's Future in a Marxist Setting|journal=Practical Anthropology|volume=11|issue=3|year=1983|page=330|issn=0032-633X|doi=10.1177/009182968301100305}}</ref> Recent issues have shown a widening of its scope and an "outward-looking ecumenism" of the state-sanctioned Protestant churches of China.<ref name="heri_Heri"/><ref name="Faries2010">{{cite book|last=Faries|first=Nathan|title=The "Inscrutably Chinese" Church: How Narratives and Nationalism Continue to Divide Christianity|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fbitpDJgbT4C&pg=PA279|year=2010|publisher=Lexington Books|location=Plymouth|isbn=978-0-7391-3959-2|page=279}}</ref> The magazine also publishes stories about coping with economic change in China, family problems and friction between different churches.{{sfn|Bays|2003|p=499}} Recent themes have included criticism of Pentecostalism, cults, and the unofficial hymnal ''[[Canaan Hymns]]''.{{sfn|Aikman|2012|p=110}} On the other hand, the magazine has also criticized the government and its [[State Administration for Religious Affairs]] for curtailing religious freedom.<ref name="Miller2006">{{cite book|last=Miller|first=James|title=Chinese Religions in Contemporary Societies|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=S4vg8BQrqA4C&pg=PA314|year=2006|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-1-85109-626-8|page=314}}</ref>

''Tian Feng'' is distributed by local Three-Self Committees and Christian Councils{{sfn|Towery|2000|p=98}} and has a circulation of 130,000.<ref>{{cite book|title=Summary of World Broadcasts: Asia, Pacific: Issues 3920–3933|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bBJXAAAAMAAJ|year=2000|location=London|publisher=British Broadcasting Corporation Monitoring Service|page=G–8}}</ref> Subscribers include overseas Chinese churches.{{sfn|Towery|2000|p=98}} Its [[editor-in-chief]] is Mei Kangjun.{{sfn|Keating|2012|p=63}} Previous editors include Shen Derong and Shen Cheng'en.{{sfn|Keating|2012|p=63}}{{sfn|Wickeri|2011|p=190}}

The magazine is published in [[Chinese language|Chinese]].<ref name="worl_Tian">{{Cite book | title = Tian feng. (eJournal / eMagazine, 1981) [WorldCat.org] | work = worldcat.org | oclc = 182562933}}</ref> Since 1991, the [[Hong Kong]]-based [[Amity Foundation]], aligned with the TSPM and CCC, has published bi-monthly digests of the magazine in English.{{sfn|Bays|2003|p=490}} In 2002, ''Tian Feng'' was given an award for being one of the best Shanghai-based magazines.<ref name="heri_Heri"/>

==See also==
{{Portal|Journalism}}
*[[History of the People's Republic of China]]
*[[List of magazines in China]]
*[[Political theology in China]]
*[[Protestant missions in China]]
*[[Protestantism in China]]
*''[[Tiān]]''

==Notes==
{{Notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

===Works cited===
*{{cite book|last=Aikman|first=David|title=Jesus in Beijing: How Christianity Is Transforming China And Changing the Global Balance of Power|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=huDzksEJEKkC&pg=PA148|year=2012|publisher=Regnery Publishing|location=Washington|isbn=978-1-59698-652-7}}
*{{cite journal|last=Bays|first=Daniel H.|title=Chinese Protestant Christianity Today|journal=The China Quarterly|volume=174|pages=488–504|year=2003|issn=0305-7410|doi=10.1017/S0009443903000299}}
*{{cite book|last=Keating|first=John Craig William|title=A Protestant Church in Communist China: Moore Memorial Church Shanghai 1949–1989|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6bdOxiD924MC&pg=PA63|year=2012|publisher=Leigh University Press|location=Bethlehem, PA|isbn=978-1-61146-091-9}}
*{{cite book|last=Starr|first=Chloë|title=Chinese Theology: Text and Context|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qKNTDQAAQBAJ&pg=PT356|year=2016|location=New Haven|publisher=Yale University Press|isbn=978-0-300-22493-1}}
*{{cite book|last=Towery|first=Britt|title=Christianity in Today's China: Taking Root Downward, Bearing Fruit Upward|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nXDI0LaeVh0C&pg=PA98|year=2000|publisher=The Tao Foundation Missionary|isbn=978-1-58721-410-3}}
*{{cite book|last=Wickeri|first=Philip L.|title=Seeking the Common Ground: Protestant Christianity, the Three-Self Movement, and China's United Front|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GCdNAwAAQBAJ&pg=PR24|year=2011|publisher=Wipf and Stock Publishers|location=Eugene|isbn=978-1-61097-529-2}}
*{{cite book|author-mask=1|last=Wickeri|first=Philip L.|title=Reconstructing Christianity in China: K.H. Ting and the Chinese Church|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uczmBgAAQBAJ&pg=PT183|year=2015|publisher=Orbis Books|location=Maryknoll|isbn=978-1-60833-366-0}}

==Further reading==
*{{cite book|last=Dunn|first=Emily|title=Lightning from the East: Heterodoxy and Christianity in Contemporary China|date=2015|location=Leiden|publisher=BRILL|isbn=978-90-04-29725-8}}

==External links==
*{{Official website|http://www.ccctspm.org/skywind}} {{in lang|zh}}
*[http://www.amityfoundation.org/eng/content/amity-news-service-1992-2011 English translations of articles] at [[Amity Foundation]]
*[http://www.qingdaochurch.com/newsa_detail.asp?AutoID=534 Photos of early issues] at Qingqdao Church
*''[http://www.cnki.com.cn/Journal/F-F5-TFZZ.htm Tian Feng]'' at [[CNKI]] {{in lang|zh}}
*''[http://www.baike.com/wiki/%E3%80%8A%E5%A4%A9%E9%A3%8E%E3%80%8B Tian Feng]'' at [[Baidu Baike]] {{in lang|zh}}
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[[Category:Monthly magazines published in China]]
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[[Category:1945 establishments in China]]
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