Quelltext der Seite Benutzer:Stephan Tournay/Proto-Villanovan culture

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[[Datei:Trattato generale di archeologia091.png|mini|Funde aus der Nekropole von Bismantova (RE)]]
Die '''Proto-Villanova-Kultur''' ist eine [[Späte Bronzezeit|spätbronzezeitliche]] supranationale Kulturfacette, die ungefähr zwischen 1175 v. Chr. und ca. 960 v. Chr. bestand. Sie war Teil des mitteleuropäischen Systems der [[Urnenfelderkultur]] ([[13. Jahrhundert v. Chr.|1300 v. Chr.]] bis [[750 v. Chr.]]) und durch das Bestattungsritual der Verbrennung gekennzeichnet. Ihr Ausbreitungsgebiet erstreckte sich über weite Teile [[Italien]]s, einschließlich Ostsiziliens und der [[Liparische Inseln|Äolischen Inseln]]. 

== Geschichte ==
Proto-Villanovan culture was part of the central European [[Urnfield culture]] system. Similarity has also been noted with the regional groups of [[Bavaria]]-[[Upper Austria]]<ref name=Gimbutas>M. Gimbutas ''Bronze Age Cultures in Central and Eastern Europe'' pp. 339–345</ref> and of the middle-[[Danube]].<ref name="Gimbutas"/><ref>John M. Coles ''The Bronze Age in Europe: An Introduction to the Prehistory of Europe C. 2000–700 BC'', pp. 422</ref> Another hypothesis, however, is that it was a derivation from the previous [[Terramare culture]] of the [[Po Valley]].<ref>[https://www.academia.edu/5808394/The_Collapse_of_the_Terramare_Culture_and_growth_of_new_economic_and_social_System_during_the_late_Bronze_Age_in_Italy Andrea Cardarelli ''The collapse of the Terramare culture and growth of new economic and social system during the late Bronze Age in Italy'']</ref><ref>[http://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/protovillanoviano_%28Enciclopedia-dell%27-Arte-Antica%29/ Francesco di Gennaro. "Protovillanoviano", ''Enciclopedia dell'arte antica''], [[Treccani]], Rome, 1996</ref> Various authors, such as [[Marija Gimbutas]], associated this culture with the arrival, or the spread, of the proto-[[Italic languages|Italics]] into the [[Italian peninsula]].<ref name="Gimbutas"/>

Proto-Villanovan sites are present all over the Italian peninsula, mostly in the northern-central part but also, to a lesser degree, in [[Southern Italy]] and [[eastern Sicily]]. Among the most important of these sites are: [[Frattesina]] ([[Veneto]]), [[Pietra di Bismantova|Bismantova]] and [[Ripa Calbana]] ([[Emilia-Romagna]]), [[Cetona]] and [[Saturnia]] ([[Tuscany]]), [[Monti della Tolfa]] (Lazio), [[Genga, Marche|Pianello di Genga]] and [[Ancona]] ([[Marche]]), [[Ortucchio]] ([[Abruzzo]]), [[Timmari]] ([[Basilicata]]), [[Canosa di Puglia|Canosa]] ([[Apulia]]), [[Tropea]] ([[Calabria]]) and [[Milazzo]] ([[Sicily]]).

Settlements, usually of small dimensions, were generally built on hills and circumscribed with fortifications. The economy was mostly based on agro-pastoral activities, [[metallurgy]] and trades.

The proto-Villanovans practiced [[cremation]]. The ashes were placed in biconic urns, often decorated with geometric designs, and then buried in the ground.

==Regionalization==
{{see also|Villanovan culture|Este culture|Latial culture}}
After a period of considerable uniformity from north to south, the Proto-Villanovan culture shows a process of [[regionalization]]. Starting from c. 950 BC, new regional cultures such as the [[Villanovan culture]], [[Este culture]] and [[Latial culture]] appeared. Although these new cultures shared many similarities with the preceding Proto-Villanovan culture, especially funerary customs, they also exhibited their own innovations.

==Genetics==
A genetic study published in ''[[Science (journal)|Science]]'' in November 2019 examined the remains of a female from the Proto-Villanovan culture buried in [[Martinsicuro]], Italy between ca. 930 BC and 839 BC, in the territory of the [[Picentes]]. She carried the maternal haplogroup [[Haplogroup U (mtDNA)#Haplogroup U5a2b|U5a2b]].{{sfn|Antonio et al.|2019|loc=Table 2 Sample Information, Row 36}}

==References==
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==Sources==
{{Refbegin}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Antonio |first1=Margaret L. |last2=Gao |first2=Ziyue |display-authors=1 |date=November 8, 2019 |title=Ancient Rome: A genetic crossroads of Europe and the Mediterranean |journal=[[Science (journal)|Science]] |publisher=[[American Association for the Advancement of Science]] |volume=366 |issue=6466 |pages=708-714 |doi=10.1126/science.aay6826 |pmc=7093155 |ref={{harvid|Antonio et al.|2019}}}}
{{Refend}}

== Siehe auch==
* [[Villanovakultur]]
* [[Este-Kultur]]

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<nowiki>[[Category:12th-century BC establishments]]
[[Category:10th-century BC disestablishments]]
[[Category:Urnfield culture]]
[[Category:Archaeological cultures of Southern Europe]]
[[Category:Archaeological cultures in Italy]]
[[Category:Italic archaeological cultures]]
[[Category:Bronze Age cultures of Europe]]
[[Category:Villanovan culture]]


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