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{{Refimprove|date=December 2020}}
{{About|the CAF electric multiple unit for Northern|the previous units with this designation|British Rail Class 332}}
{{short description|A British electric multiple-unit (EMU) train built by CAF}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2017}}
{{Use British English|date=January 2017}}
{{Infobox train
| name = British Rail Class 331 ''Civity''
| image = 331001 approaching Crewe platform 1.jpg
| imagealt = 
| imagesize = 300px
| caption = 331001 on test at Crewe on 30 October 2018
| background = #{{Northern colour}};color:white
| interiorimage = File:Class331_Interior.jpg
| interiorimagealt = 
| interiorcaption = Interior
| service = 1 July 2019 - present
| manufacturer = [[Construcciones y Auxiliar de Ferrocarriles|CAF]]
| factory = [[Zaragoza]], [[Spain]]<ref>{{cite web|last1=Clinnick|first1=Richard|title=Northern unveils its first new CAF-built train|url=https://www.railmagazine.com/news/network/northern-unveils-its-first-new-caf-built-train|website=Rail Magazine|publisher=Rail Magazine|access-date=31 January 2018}}</ref><br>[[CAF Newport|Newport]], [[Wales]] (1 units only)
| family = [[CAF Civity|''Civity'']]
| replaced = {{brc|321}}<br>{{brc|322}}
| yearconstruction = 2017 – 2020
| yearservice = 
| refurbishment = 
| yearscrapped = 
| numberconstruction = 
| numberbuilt = 43 units
| numberservice = 
| numberpreserved = 
| numberscrapped = 
| formation = 31 x 3-car units<br>DMSOL+PTS+DMSO (331/0)<br>12 x 4-car units<br>DMSOL+PTS+TS+DMSO (331/1)
| fleetnumbers = 331001–331031 (331/0)<br>331101–331112 (331/1)
| capacity = 204 seats (331/0)<br>284 seats (331/1)<ref>{{cite web|title=Northern Franchise Agreement|url=https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/537465/northern-franchise-agreement.pdf|website=Gov.uk|publisher=Gov.uk|access-date=14 July 2016}}</ref>
| operator = [[Northern Trains]]
| depots = {{ubl|[[Neville Hill TMD]]|[[Allerton TMD|Allerton (Liverpool)]]}}
| lines = 
| carbody = 
| trainlength = {{cvt|71.4|m|ftin}} (331/0)<br>{{cvt|94.75|m|ftin}} (331/1)
| carlength = DMSL & DMS: {{cvt|24.03|m|ftin|frac=8}}<br>PTS & TS: {{cvt|23.35|m|ftin|frac=8}}<ref name="eversholt"/>
| width = 
| height = 
| floorheight = 
| platformheight = 
| entrylevelorstep = 
| doors = 
| art-sections = 
| wheeldiameter = 
| wheelbase = 
| maxspeed = {{cvt|100|mph}}
| weight = 
| axleload = 
| traction = 
| engine = 
| poweroutput = 
| tractiveeffort = 
| transmission = 
| acceleration = max. {{cvt|1.3|m/s2|km/h/s mph/s}}<ref name="eversholt">{{cite web |url=https://eversholtrail.co.uk/fleet/class-331/ |title=Class 331 |publisher=Eversholt Rail |access-date=15 August 2019 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20200413104746/https://eversholtrail.co.uk/fleet/class-331/ |archive-date=13 April 2020 |url-status=live }}</ref>
| deceleration = 
| aux = 
| powersupply = 
| hvac = 
| electricsystem = {{25 kV 50 Hz}}  [[Overhead line|Overhead]]<ref name="abcde">{{cite web |url=https://eversholtrail.co.uk/fleet/class-397/ |title=Class 397 |publisher=Eversholt Rail |access-date=15 August 2019}}</ref>
| collectionmethod = [[Pantograph (transportation)|Pantograph]]
| uicclass = 
| aarwheels = 
| bogies = 
| brakes = 
| safety = 
| coupling = Dellner
| multipleworking = Within class
| gauge = {{Track gauge|sg|allk=on}}
| notes = 
}}

The '''British Rail Class 331 ''Civity'''''<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.raildeliverygroup.com/what-we-do/publications.html?task=file.download&id=758 |title=Long Term Passenger Rolling Stock Strategy for the Rail Industry, Fourth Edition, March 2016 |website=Rail Delivery Group |publisher=Rail Delivery Group |access-date=22 March 2016 }}{{Dead link|date=September 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> is a class of [[electric multiple unit]] built by [[Construcciones y Auxiliar de Ferrocarriles|CAF]], owned by [[Eversholt Rail Group]], and currently operated by [[Northern Trains]]. A total of 43 units have been built - 31 three-car units and 12 four-car units - at a cost of £500m. Construction of the trains started in July 2017 and they were phased into service from 1 July 2019.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Northern close to completion of £500 million CAF train order|url=https://www.railmagazine.com/news/network/northern-close-to-completion-of-500-million-caf-train-order|access-date=2020-08-27|website=www.railmagazine.com|language=en}}</ref>

==History==
The announcement of the new trains was made by Arriva UK Trains when it was confirmed that it would become the next operator of the Northern franchise from 1 April 2016.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.arrivarailnorth.org/keeping-you-posted/9-test-news-article-2 |title= Intention to award Northern franchise to Arriva |publisher= Arriva Rail North |access-date= 22 March 2016 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160317020324/http://www.arrivarailnorth.org/keeping-you-posted/9-test-news-article-2 |archive-date= 17 March 2016 |url-status= dead }}</ref> CAF were selected by Arriva as they were the only manufacturer able to produce both new diesel ({{brc|195}}) and electric multiple units from the same platform, the ''[[CAF Civity|Civity]]'', thus increasing familiarity for drivers and reducing maintenance costs once in operation.<ref name="engineer">{{cite web |title=Northern's trains from Spain |last=Shirres |first=David |url=https://www.railengineer.uk/2018/04/03/northerns-trains-from-spain/ |work=Railway Engineer |date=3 April 2018 |access-date=2018-09-14}}</ref> [[Bombardier Transportation|Bombardier]] made a bid to produce electric ''[[Aventra]]'' units but was unable to offer a sister diesel unit which Arriva required.<ref name="robertleanewtrains">{{cite web |last=Lea |first=Robert  |title=Spain wins £490m race to replace unloved Pacer |quote=However, the Arriva order needed a substantial number of diesel trains, too, because so much of the network in the north is not electrified. It is understood that Bombardier declined to bid for the diesel train sets. The Spanish acquisition is likely to have been determined by CAF’s ability to deliver the trains more quickly than rivals. |url=https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/spain-wins-pound490m-race-to-replace-unloved-pacer-lgsbvd72ww7 |newspaper=The Times of London |date=23 January 2016 |access-date=2018-09-15}}</ref> Furthermore, Bombardier already had a long order book for ''Aventra'' units and Arriva believed CAF were in a stronger position to guarantee on-time delivery of the units.<ref name="robertleanewtrains"/> At the time of ordering, the 43 units were the largest ever European based order for CAF, at a cost of £500m.<ref name=":0" />

Construction started in July 2017,<ref name=railjournalcaf195s>{{cite web|url=http://www.railjournal.com/index.php/rolling-stock/caf-begins-production-of-new-trains-for-northern.html?channel=529 |title=CAF begins production of new trains for Northern}}</ref> with the first completed unit being unveiled on 31 January 2018.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.railjournal.com/index.php/rolling-stock/caf-presents-first-civity-emu-for-northern.html?channel=529Z|title=CAF presents first Civity EMU for Northern|date=31 January 2018|access-date=7 February 2018|work=International Railway Journal}}</ref> Testing began in the UK in September 2018,<ref name=railjournalcaf195s/><ref>https://www.manchestereveningnews.co.uk/news/greater-manchester-news/manchester-northern-rail-trains-warrington-15166688</ref> and in March 2019, a four-car Class 331 unit (331111) became the first train to be completed at CAF's [[Llanwern]] factory.<ref>{{cite magazine |last1=Milner |first1=Chris |title=CAF Class 195 DMUs and Class 331 EMUs |magazine=The Railway Magazine |date=August 2019 |volume=165 |issue=1,421 |page=31 |publisher=Mortons Media |location=Horncastle |issn=0033-8923}}</ref>

On 28 June 2019, the new trains were launched by a special service for the media. Regular passenger service of the Class 331 (along with its diesel counterpart, the {{brc|195}}) started on 1 July 2019.<ref name=railgazcaf195s>{{cite web |url=https://www.railwaygazette.com/news/news/europe/single-view/view/new-trains-launch-genuine-transformation-of-northern-services.html |title=New trains launch 'genuine transformation' of Northern services |access-date=1 July 2019 |date=1 July 2019 }}</ref>

==Description==
[[Arriva UK Trains|Arriva]] stated its aim for a "step-change in quality" for the new trains when compared with older trains in the [[Arriva Rail North|Northern]] fleet such as the ''[[Pacer (train)|Pacer]]s'' and ''[[British Rail Sprinter|Sprinter]]s''.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Arriva signs rolling stock contract for new Northern rail franchise |url=https://www.northernrailway.co.uk/travel/timetables?id=73 |work=Northern |date=1 April 2019 |access-date=2019-10-27}}</ref> The interior, layout and driver cab of the Class 331 (EMU) are completely identical to their sister units, the Class 195 (DMU) with the only difference being power generation and drivetrain.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Shires |first=David |title=Northern's trains from Spain |quote=Other than their power source and drive train, the Class 195 and 331 units are virtually identical. |url=https://www.railengineer.co.uk/2018/04/03/northerns-trains-from-spain/ |work=Rail Engineer |date=3 April 2018 |access-date=2019-11-02}}</ref>

The 331s have a ⅓-⅔ door arrangement, and a top speed limited to 100&nbsp;mph. The units have [[air conditioning]], power sockets, one toilet per train,<ref>https://busandtrainuser.com/2019/07/10/new-trains-in-2019-6-northerns-class-195-and-331/ only one toilet per train</ref> open gangways between individual carriages, passenger compartment [[CCTV]], provision for wheelchair passengers and wi-fi system. All trains fitted with an automated audio information system, as well as display screens - six in each carriage ensuring all passengers have an unobstructed view to at least one. These screens convey a variety of information from station arrival times and informing alighting passengers when they need to be in a different carriage due to platforms being too short to accommodate the train.<ref>{{Cite web |title=FROM THE ARCHIVES: On their way to Northern |last=Clinnick |first=Richard |quote=Customer Information Screens are being fitted. Hyde says these will display live information supplied by the Darwin system, enabling passengers to access the latest travel details not just for the service they are on, but also elsewhere on the network (should that be required) |url=https://www.railmagazine.com/news/rail-features/from-the-archives-on-their-way-to-northern |work=Rail Magazine |date=9 September 2019 |access-date=2019-11-02}}</ref>

Northern selected a "wide and spacious" vestibule area to allow for quicker passenger flows when boarding and disembarking to minimise dwell times which can result in delays.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Shires |first=David |title=Northern's trains from Spain |quote=The electrically powered double-leaf sliding plug doors are at 1/3 and 2/3 car door positions and have large vestibules to provide good movement within the coach to minimise dwell times |url=https://www.railengineer.co.uk/2018/04/03/northerns-trains-from-spain/ |work=Rail Engineer |date=3 April 2018 |access-date=2019-11-02}}</ref> These large spaces around the doors also a high degree of flexibility as to how this space can be used with flip-down seats and ample standing space in times of overcrowding where the objective is ensuring all passengers can board.<ref name="openvestibule">{{Cite web |title=New trains in 2019 6: Northern's Class 195 and 331 |quote=Aside from the seats and tables one noticeable feature as you board are the wide doorway vestibule areas leading into the saloon but the area is also useful to store over-sized suitcases passengers now wheel around especially on the Airport run as well as prams. It’s a good idea and works well on Thameslink where there’s a very wide area around each set of doors. |url=https://busandtrainuser.com/2019/07/10/new-trains-in-2019-6-northerns-class-195-and-331/ |work=busandtrainuser |date=10 July 2019 |access-date=2019-11-02}}</ref> The units are not fitted with fixed luggage racks as these often reduce capacity on peak-time commuter trains - space is provided around the flip-down seats adjacent to the doors to store luggage and prams - thus not impacting on the capacity of the train or safety for passengers wishing to alight or board. In maintaining an objective for the interior to be spacious, seats are cantilevered off the body frame and there are no internal doors with open gangways between carriages.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rolling blog: New trains for Northern |last=Bigland |first=Paul |quote=Looking through the gangway into the next car. There are no internal doors, giving a feeling of spaciousness |url=https://paulbigland.blog/2019/06/28/rolling-blog-new-trains-for-northern/ |work=paulbigland.blog |date=28 June 2019 |access-date=2019-11-02}}</ref>

The 331 electric units are noted for their quick acceleration putting them among the fastest accelerating EMUs in the United Kingdom with a rate of 1.3&nbsp;m/s<sup>2</sup>.<ref name="eversholtfactsheet">{{Cite web |title=Class 331 |url=https://eversholtrail.co.uk/fleet/class-331/ |work=Eversholt |access-date=2019-11-02}}</ref> This allows the units to accelerate from 0 to 125 km/h (77&nbsp;mph) in 45 seconds - by comparison, the ex-British Rail Class 319/321/322 units have an acceleration rate of 0.55&nbsp;m/s<sup>2</sup> and which takes them over 2 minutes to attain the same speed.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Class 321 |url=https://eversholtrail.co.uk/fleet/class-321/ |work=Eversholt |access-date=2019-11-02}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Class 322 |url=https://eversholtrail.co.uk/fleet/class-322/ |work=Eversholt |access-date=2019-11-02}}</ref> It is envisaged this improved acceleration result in efficiencies and improved punctuality on commuter routes with multiple stops across the Northern network.

The units are designed with a projected lifespan of 35 years and it is planned they will operate beyond 2050 with maintenance and refurbishment.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Shires |first=David |title=Northern's trains from Spain |quote=They have a 35-year design life. |url=https://www.railengineer.co.uk/2018/04/03/northerns-trains-from-spain/ |work=Rail Engineer |date=3 April 2018 |access-date=2019-11-02}}</ref> Other features included are digital seat reservation system however these are to future-proof the train and Northern do not envisage using these on many, if any routes. Although the vast majority of services will operate as 3 or 4 car formations - some will 3-car units will be doubled up to form 6 car services. As a result, they are fitted with [[Selective door operation|Automatic Selective Door Operation]] (ASDO) on routes where station platform lengths are not sufficient to fully accommodate the train. This ASDO is linked to an automated system which informs the passengers through both announcements and the passenger information screens located in each saloon.

==Routes==
{{Update|section|date=January 2021}}
[[File:New electric train at Leeds (geograph 6309321).jpg|thumb|right|Clas 331 at [[Leeds railway station]].]]
[[File:331109 at Doncaster station.jpg|thumb|Class 331 at Doncaster railway station]]
In [[West Yorkshire]], the Class 331 units replaced the eight {{brc|321}} and {{brc|322}} trains and now work alongside the current fleet of {{brc|333}} units. In the [[North West England|North West]], the 331s were deployed on inter-city electrified services from [[Blackpool North railway station|Blackpool North]] to [[Manchester Airport station|Manchester Airport]]. The 331s were also introduced on the [[Liverpool Lime Street railway station|Liverpool Lime Street]] to Blackpool North route and the Liverpool Lime Street to Crewe via Manchester Airport - the longest service in Northern's network with 29 stops. Introduction of 331s on these three routes is expected to commence by the end of 2020.{{Citation needed|date=August 2020}}

Surplus 331s will remain and it is envisaged they will operate all electrified commuter services between [[Hazel Grove railway station|Hazel Grove]] and Blackpool North, Manchester and [[Glossop railway station|Glossop]]/[[Hadfield railway station|Hadfield]] and Manchester and [[Stoke-on-Trent railway station|Stoke-on-Trent]]. Introductions on these lines are expected in 2020.{{Citation needed|date=August 2020|reason=Nothing like this has been confirmed as of yet - speculation}}

== Flottendetails ==

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Klasse
!Betreiber
!Anzahl
!Baujahr
!Anzahl Wagen
!Nummerierung
!Bild
|-
!331/0
|rowspan=2|[[Northern Trains]]
|align=center|31
| style="text-align:center;" rowspan="2"|2017-2020
|align=center|3
|align=center|331001–331031
|[[File:Northern Class 331-0 w-pantograph.png|none|thumb|x20px]]
|-
!Class 331/1
|align=center|12
|align=center|4
|align=center|331101–331112
|[[File:Northern Class 331-1 w-pantograph.png|none|thumb|x20px]]
|}

{{Unreferenced section|date=September 2020}}

=== Benannte Triebzüge ===

* 331106 – ''Proud To Be Northern''<ref name="331name">{{Literatur |Autor=Simon Bendall, Mark Nicholls |Titel=Northern’s £500m Fleet |TitelErg=Pacer replacements enter service |Datum=2019-09 |Verlag=Key Publishing |Sammelwerk=Railways Illustrated |Seiten=18 |Nummer=199 |Sprache=en-GB}}</ref>
* 331110 – ''Proud To Be Northern''<ref name="331name" />

== Siehe auch ==
* ''[[Britische Klasse 195]]'' &#8211; Diesel-Schwesterklasse der Klasse 331; für Northern Trains gebaut.
* ''[[Britische Klasse 196]]'' &#8211; Dieseltriebzug gebaut für [[West Midlands Trains]].
* ''[[Britische Klasse 197]]'' &#8211; Dieseltriebzug gebaut für [[Transport for Wales]].
* ''[[Britische Klasse 397]]'' &#8211; elektrischer Triebzug gebaut für [[TransPennine Express]].

== Einzelnachweise ==
<references />

{{Commonscat | 1=British Rail Class 331}}

<nowiki>[[:Kategorie:Triebfahrzeug (Vereinigtes K%C3%B6nigreich)]] [[:Kategorie:Schienenfahrzeug (CAF)]] [[:Kategorie:Elektrotriebwagen]]</nowiki>