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{{Iranian revolution}}
Many organizations, parties and guerilla movements were involved in the [[Iranian Revolution|1978-9 revolution in Iran]]. Some were part of Ayatollah [[Khomeini]]'s network and supported the theocracy of Islamic Republic, others did not support theocracy and were suppressed.  Some were created after the fall of the [[Pahlavi Dynasty]] and still survive. Others helped overthrow the dynasty but no longer exist. 

==Prerevolutionary opposition groups==
Before the [[Iranian Revolution]], opposition groups tended to fall into three major categories: [[constitutionalism|constitutionalist]], [[Marxist]], and [[Islamist]].

Constitutionalists, including [[National Front (Iran)]], wanted to revive [[constitutional monarchy]] including free elections. Without elections or outlets for peaceful political activity though, they had lost their relevance and had little following.

Marxists groups were primarily [[Guerrilla groups of Iran|guerrilla]] groups working to defeat the Pahlavi regime by assassination and armed struggle.  They were illegal and heavily suppressed by the [[SAVAK]] internal security apparatus. They included the [[Tudeh Party of Iran]]; the [[Organization of Iranian People's Fedai Guerrillas]] (OIPFG) and the breakaway [[Iranian People's Fedai Guerrillas]] (IPFG), two armed organizations; and some minor groups.<ref name = "Process">[http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0304-2421(199606)25%3A3%3C349%3AICAATR%3E2.0.CO%3B2-9 "Ideology, Culture, and Ambiguity: The Revolutionary Process in Iran"], ''Theory and Society'', Vol. 25, No. 3 (Jun., 1996), pp. 349–88.</ref>   Although they played an important part in the revolution, they never developed a large base of support.  

Islamists were divided into several groups.  The [[Freedom Movement of Iran]] was formed by religious members of the [[National Front of Iran]]. It also was a constitutional group and wanted to use lawful political methods against the Shah. This movement comprised [[Mehdi Bazargan|Bazargan]] and [[Taleqani]]. The [[People's Mujahedin of Iran]] was a quasi-Marxist armed organization that opposed the influence of the clergy and later fought the Islamic government.  Individual writers and speakers like Ali Shariati and Morteza Morahhari did important work outside of these parties and groups. 

The Islamist groups that ultimately prevailed were the loyal followers of Ayatollah Khomeini. They included some minor armed Islamist groups which joined together after the revolution in the [[Mojahedin of the Islamic Revolution Organization]].  The [[Islamic Coalition Party|Coalition of Islamic Societies]] was founded by religious bazaaris<ref>Moin, ''Khomeini'' (2000), p.80</ref> (traditional merchants).  The [[Combatant Clergy Association]]  comprised [[Morteza Motahhari]], [[Ayatollah Mohammad Beheshti]], [[Mohammad-Javad Bahonar]], [[Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani]] and [[Mofatteh]] who later became the major governors of Islamic Republic. They used a cultural approach to fight the Shah.

Because of internal repression, opposition groups abroad, like the [[Confederation of Iranian students]], the foreign branch of [[Freedom Movement of Iran]] and the [[Islamic association of students]], were important to the revolution.

==Khomeinist revolutionary groups and bodies==
===Revolutionary Council===
{{main|Revolutionary council of Islamic revolution of Iran}}
The "Revolutionary Council" was formed by Khomeini to manage the revolution on [[12 January]] of 1979, shortly before he returned to Iran. Its existence was kept a secret during the early, less secure time of the revolution. [[Rafsanjani]] says Ayatollah Khomeini chose [[Beheshti]], [[Motahhari]], [[Rafsanjani]], [[Bahonar]] and [[Musavi Ardabili]] as members. These invited others to serve: [[Bazargan]], [[Taleqani]], [[Khamenei]], [[Banisadr]], [[Mahdavi Kani]], [[Yadollah Sahabi]], [[Katirayee]], [[Ahmad Sadr Haj Seyed Javadi]], [[Qarani]] and [[Ali Asqr Masoodi]].<ref>[http://www.npc-rt.ir/eventlist-fa-1385-10-22.html نمایش مناسبتها | شرکت پژوهش و فناوری پتروشیمی<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> This council suggested [[Mahdi Bazargan]] as the prime minister of the temporary government of Khomeini, and he accepted it.<ref name = "Khomeini">[http://www.irdc.ir/article.asp?id=822 چرا و چگونه بازرگان به نخست وزیری رسید؟] The commandment of Ayatollah Khomeini for Bazargan and his sermon on February 5.</ref>

After the revolution took power, the council became a legislative body issuing decrees until the formation of first parliament{{Fact|date=February 2007}} on [[12 August]] [[1980]].<ref>[http://www.worldstatesmen.org/Iran.htm  Iran], World Statesmen.</ref> The laws passed by this council were recognized as legitimate in the Islamic republic of Iran.{{Fact|date=February 2007}}

===The Provisional Revolutionary Government===
{{mainarticle|The Interim Government of Iran}}
[[Image:Mehdi Bazargan.jpg|right|thumb|150px|Iranian prime minister [[Mehdi Bazargan]] was an advocate of democracy and civil rights. He also opposed the [[Iran's cultural revolution|cultural revolution]] and US embassy takeover.]]
The Provisional Revolutionary Government or "Interim Government of Iran" (1979–1980) was the first government established in [[Iran]] following the overthrow of the monarchy. It was formed by order of Ayatollah Khomeini on [[February 4]], [[1979]], while [[Shapour Bakhtiar]] (the [[Mohammad Reza Pahlavi|Shah]]'s last Prime Minister) was still claiming power.<ref name = "Khomeini" />

Ayatollah Khomeini appointed [[Bazargan]] as the prime minister of "The Provisional Revolutionary Government" on [[February 4]] [[1979]]. According to his commandment:<ref>جناب‌ آقای‌ مهندس‌ بازرگان‌
بنا به‌ پیشنهاد شورای‌ انقلاب‌، برحَسَب‌ حق‌ّ شرعی‌ و حق‌ّ قانونی‌ ناشی‌ از آرای‌اكثریت‌ قاطع‌ قریب‌ به‌ اتّفاِق ملت‌ ایران‌ كه‌ طی‌ اجتماعات‌ عظیم‌ و تظاهرات‌وسیع‌ و متعدد در سراسر ایران‌ نسبت‌ به‌ رهبری‌ جنبش‌ ابراز شده‌ است‌ و به‌موجب‌ اعتمادی‌ كه‌ به‌ ایمان‌ كارمندان‌ دولت‌ و ارتش‌ و افراد ملت‌ با دولت‌ موقت‌ شما همكاری‌ كامل‌ نموده‌و رعایت‌ انضباط‌ را برای‌ وصول‌ به‌ اهداف‌ مقدس‌ انقلاب‌ و سامان‌ یافتن‌ اموركشور خواهند نمود.
موفقیت‌ شما و دولت‌ موقت‌ را در این‌ مرحله‌ی‌ حساس‌ تاریخی‌ از خداوندمتعال‌ مسئلت‌ می‌نمایم‌.روح‌الله الموسوی‌ الخمینی

[http://www.irdc.ir/article.asp?id=822 چرا و چگونه بازرگان به نخست وزیری رسید؟] The commandment of Ayatollah Khomeini for Bazargan and his sermon on February 5.</ref>

<blockquote>"Mr. Engineer Bazargan, Based on the proposal of the [[Iranian revolution#Revolutionary Council|Revolutionary Council]], in accordance with the [[Scharia|sharia]] based rights and legal rights which are both originated from the decisive and closely unanimous votes of Iranian nation for leadership of the movement, which in turn has been expressed in the vast gatherings and wide and numerous demonstrations throughout Iran and by virtue of my trust on your firm belief in the holy tenets of [[Islam]] ... I appoint you the authority to establish the interim government ... for the formation of a temporary government to arrange the affairs of the country and especially a national referendum vote about turning the country into an [[Islamic republic]], ...  All public offices, the army, and citizens shall furnish their utmost cooperation with your interim government so as to attain the high and holy goals of this Islamic revolution and to restore order and function to the affairs of the nation. I pray to God for the success of you and your interim government at this sensitive juncture of our nation's history.’’ [[Khomeini|Ruhollah Al-Musavi al-Khomeini]]</blockquote>

Elaborating further on his decree, Khomeini made it clear Iranians were commanded to obey Bazargan and that this was a religious duty. 

<blockquote>As a man who, though the guardianship [''Velayat''] that I have from the holy lawgiver [the Prophet], I hereby pronounce Bazargan as the Ruler, and since I have appointed him, he must be obeyed. The nation must obey him. This is not an ordinary government. It is a government based on the ''[[Scharia|sharia]]''. Opposing this government means opposing the ''sharia'' of Islam ... Revolt against God's government is a revolt against God. Revolt against God is [[blasphemy]].<ref>Khomeini, ''Sahifeh-ye Nur'', vol.5, p.31, translated by Baqer Moin in ''Khomeini'' (2000), p.204</ref></blockquote>

[[Mehdi Bazargan]] introduced his 7-member cabinet on [[February 14]], [[1979]],{{Fact|date=February 2007}} three days after victory day when the army announced its neutrality in conflicts between Khomeini's and Bakhtiar's supporters. Bakhtiar resigned on the same day, [[February 11]].

The PRG is often described as "subordinate" to the Revolutionary Council, and having had difficulties reigning in the numerous komiteh which were competing with its authority<ref>Arjomand, ''Turban for the Crown,'' (1988) p.135)</ref> 

Prime Minister Bazargan resigned and his government fell after American Embassy officials were taken hostage on [[November 4]], [[1979]]. Power then passed into the hands of the Revolutionary Council.  Bazargan had been a supporter of the original revolutionary draft constitution rather than theocracy by Islamic jurist, and his resignation was received by Khomeini without complaint, saying "Mr. Bazargan  ... was a little tired and preferred to stay on the sidelines for a while."  Khomeini later described his appointment of Bazargan as a "mistake."<ref>Moin, ''Khomeini,''(2000), p.222</ref>

===The Committees of Islamic Revolution===

The first committees "sprang up everywhere" as autonomous organizations in late 1978. Organized in mosques, schools and workplaces, they mobilized people, organized strikes and demonstrations, and distributed scarce commodities. After February 12th, many of the 300,000 rifles and sub-machine guns seized from military arsenals<ref>Bakhash, ''Reign of the Ayatollahs,'' (1984), p.56</ref> ended up with the committees who confiscated property and arrested those they believed to be counter-revolutionaries. In Tehran alone there were 1500 committees. Inevitably there was conflict between the committees and the other sources of authority, particularly the Provisional Government.<ref>Bakhash, ''Reign of the Ayatollahs,'' (1984), p.57</ref>  

To deal with this, on February 12th, the committees of the Islamic revolution were charged with gathering weapons, organizing the armed revolutionaries, and generally fighting anarchy in the wake of the collapse of the police and weakness of the army. Khomeini put Ayatollah [[Mahdavi Kani]] in charge of the komiteh.<ref>Arjomand, ''Turban for the Crown'' (1988) p.135</ref> They also served as "the eyes and ears" of the new regime, and are credited by critics with "many arbitrary arrests, executions and confiscations of property".<ref name=autogenerated3>Moin, ''Khomeini'' (2000) p.211</ref> In the summer of 1979, the komitehs were purged to eradicate the influence of the leftist guerilla movements that had infiltrated them.<ref name=autogenerated3 /> In 1991 they were merged with the conventional police in a new organisation known as the ''[[Niruha-ye Entezami]]'' (Forces of Order).<ref>Schirazi ''The Constitution of Iran'' (1997), p.152</ref>

===Islamic Republic Party===
{{mainarticle|Islamic Republic Party}} 

The Islamic republic party was started by Khomeini lieutenant Seyyed Mohammad Hosseini [[Beheshti]] and the Coalition of Islamic Societies within a few days of the Khomeini's arrival in Iran. It was made up of the Mojahedin of the Islamic Revolution (OMIR), merchants of the bazaar and "a large segment of the politically active clergy." It "operated on every level of society, from government offices to almost all city quarters..."<ref name=autogenerated2>Moin, ''Khomeini'' (2000), p.210-1</ref> and worked to establish theocratic government by [[velayat-e faqih]] in Iran outmaneuvering opponents and wielding power on the street through the Hezbollah. 

The party achieved a large majority in the first parliament but clashed with first president, [[Abolhassan Banisadr|Banisadr]], who was not a member of the party. Banisadr supporters were suppressed and Banisadr impeached and removed from office [[June 21]], [[1981]]. A campaign of terror against the IRP followed, mounted by the guerrilla group MEK.  On the [[28 of June]], [[1981]], a bombing of the office of the [[Islamic Republic Party]] by [[People's Mujahedin of Iran]] resulted in the death of around 70 high-ranking officials, cabinet members and members of parliament, including [[Mohammad Beheshti]], the secretary-general of the party and head of the Islamic Party's judicial system. [[Mohammad Javad Bahonar]] then became the secretary-general of the party, but was in turn assassinated on [[September 2]]. Because of these events and other assassinations the Islamic Party was weakened in 1981. It was dissolved in 1987.<ref name=autogenerated2 />

===Islamic Revolutionary Guards Corps===
{{mainarticle|Islamic Revolutionary Guards Corps}}
The Revolutionary Guard or ''Pasdaran-e Enqelab'', was established by a decree issued by Khomeini on [[May 5]] [[1979]] "to protect the revolution from destructive forces and counter-revolutionaries,`<ref>Moin, ''Khomeini'', (2003), p.211-2</ref> i.e. as a counterweight both to the armed groups of the left, and to the Iranian military, which had been part of the Shah's power base. 6,000 persons were initially enlisted and trained,<ref>Baskhash, ''Reign of the Ayatollahs'', (1984) p.63</ref> but the guard eventually grew into "a full-scale" military force "with air force and navy branches". Its work involves both conventional military duties, helping Islamic forces abroad, such as Hezbollah in Lebanon, and internal security, such as the suppression of narcotics trafficking, riots by the discontented, and unIslamic behavior by members of the public.<ref>Mackey, ''Iranians'' (1996), p.371</ref> It has been described as "without a doubt the strongest institution of the revolution"<ref>Schirazi, ''Constitution of Iran'', (1997) p.151</ref>

===Basij===
{{mainarticle|Basij}}
"Oppressed mobilization" or ''Baseej-e Mostaz'afin'' was founded at the command of Khomeini in 1980, to be organized by the Revolutionary Guard.<ref name=autogenerated1>[http://www.globalsecurity.org/intell/world/iran/basij.htm Niruyeh Moghavemat Basij - Mobilisation Resistance Force<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>  Its purpose was to mobilize volunteers of many skills — doctors, engineers, but primarily to mobilize those too old or young<ref name=autogenerated1 /> to serve in other bodies. Baseej (also Basij) often provided security, and helped police and the army. Baseej were also used to attack opposition demonstrators and ransack opposition newspaper offices, who were believed to be enemies of the revolution..<ref>Keddie, ''Modern Iran,'' (2003) p.275</ref>

===Hezbollahi===
{{main|Hezbollah of Iran}}
The Hezbollahi, or members of the Party of God, were the "strong-arm thugs" who attacked demonstrators and offices of newspapers critical of Khomeini, and later a wider variety of activities found to be undesirable for "moral" or "cultural" reasons.<ref name=autogenerated4>Schirazi, ''Constitution of Iran,'' (1987)p.153</ref>  Hezbollah is/was not a tightly structured independent organisation but more a movement of loosely bound groups usually centered around a mosque.<ref name=autogenerated4 /> Although in the early days of the revolution Khomeinists — those in the Islamic Republican Party — denied connection to Hezbollah, maintaining its attacks were the spontaneous will of the people over which the government had no control, in fact Hezbollah was supervised by "a young protegee of Khomeini," Hojjat al-Islam Hadi Ghaffari.<ref>Moin, ''Khomeini'' (2000), p.211</ref>

===Jihad of Construction===
Jihad of construction, or ''Jahad-e Sazandegi,'' began as a movement of "volunteers to help with the 1979 harvest", but soon took on a "broader, more official role" in the countryside. It is involved with "road building, piped water, electrification, clinics, schools, and irrigation canals."<ref>Keddie, ''Modern Iran'' (2003), p.286</ref> It also provides "extension services, seeds, loans," etc. to small farmers<ref>Bakhash, Reign of the Ayatollahs,'' (1984) p.202</ref> Finally it was merged with agriculture ministry in 2001 to form the Ministry of Jihad-e-Agriculture.<ref>[http://www.maj.ir/English/Main/Default.asp The Ministry of Jihad-e Agriculture]</ref>

===Assembly of Experts of Constitution===
{{mainarticle|Assembly of Experts for Constitution}}

The seventy-three-member Assembly of Experts for Constitution was elected in the summer of 1979 to write a new constitution for the [[Islamic Republic]]. The Assembly was originally conceived of as a way expediting the draft constitution which Khomeini supporters had started working when Khomeini was still in exile, but which leftists found too conservative and wanted to make major changes to. Ironically, it was the Assembly that made major changes, instituting principles of theocracy by velayat-e faqih, adding on a faqih [[Supreme Leader]], and increasing the power and clerical character of the [[Council of Guardians]] which could veto un-Islamic legislation. The new constitution was opposed by some clerics, including Ayatollah Shariatmadari, and secularists who urged a boycott. It was approved by referendum on December 2 and 3, 1979, by over 98 percent of the vote.<ref>[http://www.iranchamber.com/history/islamic_revolution/revolution_and_iran_after1979_2.php History of Iran: Iran after the victory of 1979's Revolution<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>

===Post-revolutionary parties and movements===
====Muslim Student Followers of the Imam's Line====
{{Mainarticle|Muslim Student Followers of the Imam's Line}}

[[Muslim Student Followers of the Imam's Line]] was a group of student supporters of Khomeini that occupied the U.S. embassy in Tehran on [[4 November]] [[1979]] after the ex-Shah of Iran was admitted to the United States for cancer treatment. Although the students later said they did not expect to occupy the embassy for long, their action received official support and triggered the [[Iran hostage crisis]] where 52 American diplomats were held hostage for 444 days. (see below)

====Ansar-e Hezbollah====
{{see|Ansar-e Hezbollah}}
[[Ansar-e-Hezbollah]]<ref>[https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ir.html#Govt ''CIA - The World Factbook''] see the "Government" section, "Political pressure groups and leaders" subsection in the [[2006]] version</ref> ({{arS|'''أنصار حزب الله'''}}, [[Persian language|Persian]]: انصار حزب‌الله)  is a militant [[conservatism|ultraconservative]] [[Islamism|Islamist]] group in [[Iran]]. Along with the [[Basij]], they are said to "represent a key element of the Islamic Republic's hold on power, its use of violent repression" of dissident gatherings.<ref name=molavi>Molavi, Afshin, ''The Soul of Iran'', (2005), p.310-1</ref>  It's ideology revolves around devotion to [[Grand Ayatollah]] [[Ruhollah Khomeini]] and his belief in [[Hokumat-e Islami : Velayat-e faqih (book by Khomeini)|Valiyat al-faqih]] and elimination of foreign non-Islamic influences.

==See also==
*[[Iranian Revolution]]
*[[Basij]]
*[[The Interim Government of Iran]]
*[[Islamic Republic Party]]
*[[Hezbollah of Iran]]
*[[National Front (Iran)]]
*[[People's Mujahedin of Iran]] (Mojāhedin-e Khalq-e Irān) 
*[[Organization of Iranian People's Fedaian (Majority)]]
*[[Iranian People's Fedai Guerrillas]]
*[[Peykar]]
*[[Guerrilla groups of Iran]]

==References and notes==   
<references />
<nowiki>
[[Category:History of Iran|Revolution]]
[[Category:Iranian Revolution]]
[[Category:Islamic history]]
</nowiki>