Quelltext der Seite NAS Award in the Evolution of Earth and Life

Der '''NAS Award in the Evolution of Earth and Life''' ist eine Auszeichnung der [[National Academy of Sciences]] auf dem Gebiet der [[Paläontologie]].

== Geschichte ==
Die '''Mary Clark Thompson Medal''' wird seit 1921 vergeben und zeichnet besondere Leistungen auf dem Gebiet der [[Geologie]] und Paläontologie aus. Sie ist nach der Stifterin, der [[Philanthrop]]in [[Mary Clark Thompson]] (1835–1923) benannt.

Die '''Daniel Giraud Elliot Medal''' wird seit 1917 vergeben und zeichnet besondere Leistungen auf dem Gebiet der [[Zoologie]] und Paläontologie aus. Sie ist nach dem Zoologen [[Daniel Giraud Elliot]] (1835–1915) benannt und wurde von Margaret Henderson Elliot gestiftet.

Seit 2018 wird der ''NAS Award in the Evolution of Earth and Life'' abwechselnd als ''Mary Clark Thompson Medal'' und als ''Daniel Giraud Elliot Medal'' vergeben.

== Preisträger ==
=== Mary Clark Thompson Medal ===
[[Datei:Charles Doolittle Walcott.jpg|mini|hochkant=0.5|Charles Walcott]]
[[Datei:Amadeus William Grabau.jpg|mini|hochkant=0.5|Amadeus William Grabau]]
[[Datei:Andrew-Herbert-Knoll-ForMemRS.jpg|mini|hochkant=0.5|Andrew Knoll]]
* 1921 [[Charles Walcott]]
* 1923 [[Emmanuel de Margerie (Geograph)|Emmanuel de Margerie]]
* 1925 [[John M. Clarke]]
* 1928 [[James P. Smith]]
* 1930 [[William Berryman Scott]], [[Edward Oscar Ulrich]]
* 1931 [[David White (Paläontologe)|David White]]
* 1932 [[Francis Arthur Bather]]
* 1934 [[Charles Schuchert]]
* 1936 [[Amadeus William Grabau]]
* 1941 [[David Meredith Seares Watson|D. M. S. Watson]]
* 1942 [[Edward W. Berry]], [[Arthur Smith Woodward]]
* 1943 [[George Gaylord Simpson]]
* 1944 [[William Joscelyn Arkell]]
* 1945 [[T. Wayland Vaughan]]
* 1946 [[John Bernard Reeside]] Jr.
* 1948 [[Frank H. McLearn]]
* 1949 [[Lauge Koch]]
* 1952 [[Lloyd W. Stephenson]]
* 1954 [[Alfred Romer]]
* 1957 [[G. Arthur Cooper]]
* 1958 [[Roman Kozłowski]]
* 1961 [[Norman D. Newell]]
* 1964 [[Milton N. Bramlette]]
* 1967 [[Wendell P. Woodring]]
* 1970 [[Raymond Cecil Moore]]
* 1973 [[Hollis Dow Hedberg]]
* 1976 [[James M. Schopf]]
* 1982 [[William A. Berggren]]
* 1986 [[J. William Schopf]]
* 1990 [[Harry Blackmore Whittington]]
* 1995 [[David Lawrence Jones]] „für seine  Entwicklung der [[Terrane]]-tektonischen Theorie durch die geologische Kartierung des westlichen Nordamerika und biostratigraphische Studien über Radiolarien in Tiefwasser-Schieferablagerungen“ (Laudatio).
* 1999 [[Jan Smit (Geologe)|Jan Smit]] für die „Etablierung der Reihenfolge der Meteoriten-Einschlagereignisse vor 65 Millionen Jahren, einschliesslich Fallout, Tsunami Fortpflanzung, geochemische Störungen und Aussterben von Foraminiferen und Dinosauriern“ (Laudatio).
* 2003 [[Frederik J. Hilgen]] für „seine sorgfältige Integration verschiedener geologischer, geophysikalischer und zyklostratigraphischer sedimentologischer Daten zur Entwicklung einer Zeitskala für das späte [[Neogen]]“ (das heißt bis 12 Millionen Jahre in die Vergangenheit) (Laudatio).
* 2006 [[Steven M. Stanley]] für „die Erforschung und seine führende Rolle in funktionaler Morphologie von Muscheln (Bivalvia) und die Makroevolution verschiedener Tiergruppen, einschließlich Hominiden, im Zusammenhang mit der physikalischen und chemischen Geschichte der Erde“ (Laudatio).
* 2009 [[Alfred G. Fischer]] für „seine führende Rolle und Forschungsbeiträge bei der Entdeckung der zyklischen und periodischen Natur der Sedimente in der geologischen Vergangenheit und deren Verbindung mit Systemänderungen auf der Erde, einschließlich Änderungen in der Biodiversität“ (Laudatio).
* 2012 [[Andrew Knoll]] für seine „unvergleichlichen Beiträge zu den Zusammenhängen zwischen dem Leben im Präkambrium und der physikalischen und chemischen Geschichte der Erde und für innovative Beiträge zur Paläophysiologie und Evolution von Algen und Landpflanzen“ (Laudatio).
* 2015 [[Susan M. Kidwell]] für ihre „grundlegenden Arbeiten zum Erhalt von Fossilien, die unsere Vorstellung davon verwandelt haben, wie die Geschichte des Lebens in Steinen verschlüsselt ist. Ihre Arbeiten zeigten die Verlässlichkeit der steinernen Zeugen und konnten so wichtige Einblicke in die Evolution und Ökologie früherer Lebensformen liefern“ (Laudatio).
*2021 [[Shuhai Xiao]] ''For his integrated geological, geochemical, and paleontological research on the evolution and radiation of eukaryotes, of algae, and of animals in the Ediacaran and Cambrian periods, his leadership, and his construction of a scientific and cultural bridge between China and the United States that has greatly benefited both societies.''

=== Daniel Giraud Elliot Medal ===
* 1917 [[Frank M. Chapman]]
* 1918 [[William Beebe]]
* 1919 [[Robert Ridgway]] ''for his classic work, "Birds of North and Middle America."''
* 1920 [[Othenio Abel]]
* 1921 [[Bashford Dean]] ''for his volume in ichthyology, "Bibliography of Fishes."''
* 1922 [[William Morton Wheeler]] ''for his work in entomology, "Ants of the American Museum Congo Expedition."''
* 1923 [[Ferdinand Canu]] ''for his work, "North American Later Tertiary and Quaternary Bryozoa."''
* 1924 [[Henri Breuil]]
* 1925 [[Edmund B. Wilson]] ''for his volume, "The Cell in Development and Heredity."''
* 1926 [[Erik Stensiö]] ''for his work, "The Downtonian and Devonian Vertebrates of Spitzbergen, Part I."''
* 1928 [[Ernest Thompson Seton]] ''for his work, "Lives of Game Animals," Volume 4.''
* 1929 [[Henry F. Osborn]]
* 1930 [[George E. Coghill]] ''for his work entitled "Correlated Anatomical and Physiological Studies of the Growth of the Nervous System of Amphibia."''
* 1931 [[Davidson Black]]
* 1932 [[James P. Chapin]] ''for his work entitled, "The Birds of the Belgian Congo, Part I," published as a bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History in 1932.''
* 1933 [[Richard Swann Lull]]
* 1934 [[Theophilus S. Painter]]
* 1935 [[Edwin H. Colbert]]
* 1936 [[Robert C. Murphy]]
* 1937 [[George Howard Parker]] ''for his work "Do Melanophore Nerves Show Antidromic Responses?" Journal of General Physiology, volume 20, July 1937.''
* 1938 [[M. R. Irwin]] ''for his work, "Immunogenetic Studies of Species Relationships in Columbidae."''
* 1939 [[John H. Northrop]] ''for his work, "Crystalline Enzymes: The Chemistry of Pepsin, Trypsin, and Bacteriophage."''
* 1940 [[William B. Scott]] ''for his work, "The Mammalian Fauna of the White River Oligocene. Part IV. Artiodactyia."''
* 1941 [[Theodosius Dobzhansky]] ''for his work, "Genetics and the Origin of Species," second edition published in 1941.''
* 1942 [[D'arcy Thompson]] ''for his work, On Growth and Form, revised and enlarged, 1942.''
* 1943 [[Karl S. Lashley]] ''for his work, "Studies of Cerebral Function in Learning," Journal of Comparative Neurology, 1943, volume 79.''
* 1944 [[George G. Simpson]] ''for his work, "Tempo and Mode in Evolution," Columbia University Press, 1944.''
* 1945 [[Sewall Wright]] ''For his fundamental work dealing with the genetics of evolutionary processes--a program based on work over a long period, including his paper "The Differential Equation of the Distribution of Gene Frequencies."''
* 1946 [[Robert Broom]] ''for his volume, "The South Africa Fossil Ape-Men, The Australopithecinae," which was published on January 31, 1946, by the Transvaal Museum in Pretoria.''
* 1947 [[John T. Patterson]]
* 1948 [[Henry B. Bigelow]] ''for his contributions to marine zoology, particularly for his part as senior author in the volume "Fishes of the Western North Atlantic."''
* 1949 [[Arthur Cleveland Bent]] ''for the 17th volume in his series on the "Life Histories of the North American Birds," published by the United States National Museum.''
* 1950 [[Raymond Carroll Osburn]] ''in recognition of his studies of Bryozoa, particularly for the volume on Bryozoa of the Pacific Coast of America, part 1, published by the University of Southern California.''
* 1951 [[Libbie H. Hyman]]
* 1952 [[Archie Fairly Carr]]
* 1953 [[Sven P. Ekman]]
* 1955 [[Herbert Friedmann (Ornithologe)|Herbert Friedmann]] ''for his book, "The Honey Guides." Dr. Friedman's studies of this little-known African bird clarified several puzzling problems concerning it.''
* 1956 [[Alfred S. Romer]]
* 1957 [[P. Jackson Darlington]], Jr. ''for his work on Zoogeography: The Geographical Distribution of Animals was the most meritorious work in zoology published during the year.''
* 1958 [[Donald R. Griffin]]
* 1965 [[George G. Simpson]] ''for his treatise, "Principles of Animal Taxonomy."''
* 1967 [[Ernst Mayr]] ''for his treatise, "Animal Species and Evolution".''
* 1971 [[Richard D. Alexander]] ''for his outstanding fundamental work on the systematic, evolution, and behavior of crickets.''
* 1976 [[Howard E. Evans]] ''for his work over a 25-year span on the biology and evolution of behavior in wasps.''
* 1979 [[G. Arthur Cooper]], [[Richard E. Grant (Paläontologe)|Richard E. Grant]] ''for the six-volume treatise on the taxonomy, paleoecology, and evolutionary significance of the West Texas permian brachiopods.''
* 1984 [[G. Evelyn Hutchinson]] ''for his work as a limologist, biochemist, ecologist, evolutionist, art historian, ranking among our zoological giants.''
* 1988 [[Jon Edward Ahlquist]], [[Charles G. Sibley]] ''for their application of DNA hybridization techniques to bird classification which revolutionized taxonomy by showing at last how to distinguish evolutionary relationships from convergent similarities.''
* 1992 [[George C. Williams]] ''for his seminal contributions to current evolutionary thought, including the importance of natural selection and adaptation, and the understanding of sexual reproduction, social behavior, senescence, and disease.''
* 1996 [[John Terborgh]] ''for his research on the ecology, sociobiology, biodiversity, and plant phenology of the tropics, and for his 1992 book, "Diversity and the Tropical Rain Forest".''
* 2000 [[Geerat J. Vermeij]] ''for his extracting major generalizations about biological evolution from the fossil record, by feeling details of shell anatomy that other scientists only see.''
* 2004 [[Rudolf A. Raff]] ''for creative accomplishments in research, teaching, and writing (especially "The Shape of Life") that led to the establishment of a new field, evolutionary developmental biology.'' 
* 2008 [[Jennifer A. Clack]] ''for studies of the first terrestrial vertebrates and the water-to-land transition, as illuminated in her book "Gaining Ground".''
* 2012 [[Jonathan B. Losos]] ''for his novel and penetrating studies of adaptive radiation in vertebrates, notably his comprehensive study of Anolis lizards in tropical America, as summarized in his recent book, "Lizards in an Evolutionary Tree: Ecology and Adaptive Radiation of Anoles.''
* 2018 [[Günter P. Wagner]] für seine „grundlegenden Beiträge zur Integration von Entwicklungsbiologie und Evolutionsbiologie, insbesonder durch sein Buch ''Homology, Genes and Evolutionary Innovation'', das der Evolutionsbiologie für Jahrzehnte Orientierung geben wird“ (Laudatio).

== Weblinks ==
* National Academy of Sciences: [http://www.nasonline.org/programs/awards/evolution-earth-and-life.html ''NAS Award in the Evolution of Earth and Life'']

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