Benutzer:Andilope/Rotational diffusion
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Rotationsdiffusion beschreibt einen Diffusionsprozess, bei dem der Gleichgewichtszustand der Orientierung von Teilchen oder Molekülen erhalten, oder erreicht wird. Die Rotationsdiffusion bildet damit das Gegenstück zur Translationsdiffusion, bei welcher der Diffusionsprozess einer räumlichen Translation von Teilchen entspricht.
Die zufällige Reorientierung von Molekülen oder Partikeln ist ein wichtiger Prozess in vielen biophyikalischen Systemen. Nach dem Gleichverteilungssatz reorientieren sich größere Teilchen langsamer als kleine Teilchen. Über eine Messung der Rotationsdiffusionskonstanten lassen sich daher prinzipielle Aussagen über die Massenverteilung innerhalb einer Probe treffen. Quantitativer ausgedrückt ist das quadratische Mittel der Winkelgeschwindigkeit bezüglich der Hauptträgheitsachsen eines Teilchens invers proportional zum Trägheitsmoment dieser Achse.
Therefore, there should be three rotational diffusion constants - the eigenvalues of the rotational diffusion tensor - resulting in five rotational time constants.[1][2] If two eigenvalues of the diffusion tensor are equal, the particle diffuses as a spheroid with two unique diffusion rates and three time constants. And if all eigenvalues are the same, the particle diffuses as a sphere with one time constant. The diffusion tensor may be determined from the Perrin friction factors, in analogy with the Einstein relation of translational diffusion, but often is inaccurate and direct measurement is required.
The rotational diffusion tensor may be determined experimentally through fluorescence anisotropy, flow birefringence, dielectric spectroscopy, NMR relaxation and other biophysical methods sensitive to picosecond or slower rotational processes. In some techniques such as fluorescence it may be very difficult to characterize the full diffusion tensor, for example measuring two diffusion rates can sometimes be possible when there is a great difference between them, e.g., for very long, thin ellipsoids such as certain viruses. This is however not the case of the extremely sensitive, atomic resolution technique of NMR relaxation that can be used to fully determine the rotational diffusion tensor to very high precision.
Basic equations of rotational diffusion
For rotational diffusion about a single axis, the mean-square angular deviation in time is
where is the rotational diffusion coefficient (in units of radians2/s). The angular drift velocity in response to an external torque (assuming that the flow stays non-turbulent and that inertial effects can be neglected) is given by
where is the frictional drag coefficient. The relationship between the rotational diffusion coefficient and the rotational frictional drag coefficient is given by the Einstein relation (or Einstein–Smoluchowski relation):
where is the Boltzmann constant and is the absolute temperature. These relationships are in complete analogy to translational diffusion.
The rotational frictional drag coefficient for a sphere of radius is
where is the dynamic (or shear) viscosity.[3]
Rotational version of Fick's law
A rotational version of Fick's law of diffusion can be defined. Let each rotating molecule be associated with a vector n of unit length n·n=1; for example, n might represent the orientation of an electric or magnetic dipole moment. Let f(θ, φ, t) represent the probability density distribution for the orientation of n at time t. Here, θ and φ represent the spherical angles, with θ being the polar angle between n and the z-axis and φ being the azimuthal angle of n in the x-y plane. The rotational version of Fick's law states
This partial differential equation (PDE) may be solved by expanding f(θ, φ, t) in spherical harmonics for which the mathematical identity holds
Thus, the solution of the PDE may be written
where Clm are constants fitted to the initial distribution and the time constants equal
See also
References
Further reading
- CR Cantor: Biophysical Chemistry. Part II. Techniques for the study of biological structure and function. W. H. Freeman, 1980.
- Howard C. Berg: Random Walks in Biology. Princeton University Press, 1993.
Kategorie:Diffusion
Kategorie:Rotation
- ↑ Francis Perrin: Mouvement brownien d'un ellipsoide (I). Dispersion diélectrique pour des molécules ellipsoidales. In: Journal de Physique. 7, Nr. 5, 1934, S. 497–511. Modul:Vorlage:Handle * library URIutil invalid.
- ↑ Francis Perrin: Mouvement brownien d'un ellipsoide (II). Rotation libre et dépolarisation des fluorescences: Translation et diffusion de molécules ellipsoidales. In: Le Journal de Physique. 7, Nr. 7, 1936, S. 1–11. Modul:Vorlage:Handle * library URIutil invalid.
- ↑ L.D. Landau, E.M. Lifshitz: Fluid Mechanics, 2nd. Auflage, Band Vol. 6, Butterworth-Heinemann, 1987, ISBN 978-0-08-033933-7, S. 65.