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Das Diamantencollier von Napoleon ist ein von Napoleon I. ca. 1811-1812 beauftragtes und mit Diamanten besetztes Collier. Es wird gegenwärtig am Smithsonian Institution in Washington, D.C., USA, ausgestellt.
Beschreibung
Das Diamantencollier von Napoleon besteht aus 28 im Kreis angeordneten Diamanten im Mine Cut (Treppenschliff), dazu fransenartig und in abwechselnder Folge angeordneten Pendeloques und als Briolette ausgeführte Diamanten. Die fünf tropfenfömigen Pendeloques sind jeweils unterhalb eines kleinen Brillanten montiert. Vier ovale Pendeloques sind oberhalb von Anordnungen befestigt, die aus jeweils 23 Brillianten bestehen. Jedes Briolette ist mit zwölf im Rosenschliff ausgeführten Diamanten besetzt.[1]
Obwohl die Edelsteine niemals durch einen professionellen Steinschleifer bewertet wurden, da sie noch nie aus den Fassungen entnommen wurden, ergab eine Analyse mittels Infrarotspektroskopie, dass die Diamanten überwiegend dem Typ Ia entsprechen. 13 der 52 größten Diamanten gehören dem seltenen Typ IIa an.[2] Eine Anzahl der Typ Ia-Diamanten zeigen Einschlüsse von Sulfiden.[3]
Geschichte
Marie Louise
Als Napoleon sich 1810 von Joséphine de Beauharnais scheiden ließ, da sie keinen Erben hervorbringen konnte,[4] heiratete er bereits zwei Monate später die Erzherzogin Marie-Louise von Österreich. Innerhalb eines Jahres, Marie Louise bore a son. To celebrate, in June 1811 Napoleon I commissioned the Napoleon Diamond Necklace from the Parisian jewellery firm Nitot et Fils, at a cost of 376,274 French francs.[3] This sum was the equivalent of the Empress's entire annual household budget.[5] There are several contemporary portraits of Marie Louise wearing the Napoleon Diamond Necklace, including a number by the artists François Gérard[6][7] and Giovan Battista Borghesi.[8] Several years later, in 1815, Napoleon was exiled to Saint Helena. Marie Louise returned to Austria with the necklace and owned it until her death.
Vererbung und Verkauf
Upon the death of Marie Louise in 1847, the necklace passed to Archduchess Sophie of Austria, the wife of her brother Archduke Franz Karl of Austria. Two diamonds were removed from the necklace to shorten it, at the request of Princess Sophie. These diamonds were fitted to a pair of earrings, the location of which is now unknown.[5] Following the death of Sophie in 1872, the Napoleon Diamond Necklace was jointly inherited by her three surviving sons, Archdukes Karl Ludwig, Ludwig Viktor, and Franz Joseph of Austria. Karl Ludwig later acquired his brothers' stakes in the necklace, and upon his death in 1896 passed it to his third wife, Maria Theresa of Portugal.[3]
At the start of the Great Depression in 1929, Maria Theresa engaged two people presenting themselves as "Colonel Townsend" and "Princess Baronti" to sell the necklace for US$450,000. Realising that the current economic conditions would make it almost impossible to reach the asking price, the pair began offers at $100,000, signing on Archduke Leopold of Habsburg, the destitute grandnephew of Maria Theresa, to vouch for the necklace's authenticity. Deals were negotiated with the jewelers Harry Winston and Harry Berenson, but eventually the pair sold the necklace to David Michel of New York City for $60,000, of which the pair claimed $53,730 as expenses. When informed of the sale, Maria Theresa took the matter to court, eventually resulting in the recovery of the necklace, the jailing of Archduke Leopold, and the flight of Townsend and Baronti from the authorities.[5]
After resolving the incident, Maria Theresa held the necklace until her death in 1944. Four years later, the Habsburg family sold it to the French industrialist Paul-Louis Weiller. In 1960, Weiller sold the Napoleon Diamond Necklace to Harry Winston, who believed that the historical value of the piece would make it more valuable than if the stones were removed and resold individually, as was common practice at the time.[9] As such, he kept it intact, reselling it the same year to Marjorie Merriweather Post. Post donated the necklace to the Smithsonian Institution in 1962, and it has since remained on display at the National Museum of Natural History in Washington, D.C., United States.
Einzelnachweise
- ↑ Eloïse Gaillou, Jeffrey Post: An Examination of the Napoleon Diamond Necklace. In: Gems and Gemology. Winter 2007: S. 353.
- ↑ Eloïse Gaillou, Jeffrey Post; "An Examination of the Napoleon Diamond Necklace", Gems and Gemology. Winter 2007: S. 355.
- ↑ a b c Recent Research on the Napoléon Diamond Necklace. National Museum of Natural History. mineralsciences.si.edu, 19. Oktober 2008.
- ↑ Frank McLynn: Napoleon. 1998: S. 465. ISBN 0-7126-6247-2.
- ↑ a b c Gaillou, Eloïse; Post, Jeffrey; "An Examination of the Napoleon Diamond Necklace", Gems and Gemology (Winter 2007), p. 352.
- ↑ "Portrait of Marie-Louise, Empress of France with Her son Napoleon II, King of Rome", François Gérard (1811) (on Wikimedia Commons)
- ↑ "Portrait of Marie-Louise as Empress of France", François Gérard (1812) (on Wikimedia Commons)
- ↑ "Maria Luigia, Duchess of Parma", Giovan Battista Borghesi (1839) (on Wikimedia Commons)
- ↑ Lineberry, Cate; "Diamonds Unearthed", Smithsonian Magazine, January 1, 2007. Retrieved October 19, 2008.
Weblinks
Kategorie:Individual diamonds Kategorie:Individual necklaces Kategorie:Napoleon Kategorie:Jewellery in the collection of the Smithsonian Institution
