Benutzer:Shi Annan/Silent Parade
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Die Negro Silent Protest Parade oder kurz Silent Parade[1] war ein Schweigemarsch von etwa 10.000 African Americans entlang der Fifth Avenue von der 57th Street aus am 28. Juli 1917 in New York City. Die Veranstaltung wurde vom National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP), Kirchen und Führern der Gemeinschaften ins Leben gerufen um gegen Gewalt zu protestieren, die Afrioamerikaner bedrohte, wie zum Beispiel die kurz zuvor begangenen Lynching of Jesse Washington (Waco) und Lynching of Ell Persons (Memphis). Der Parade gingen auch die East St. Louis Riots im Mai und Juli 1917 voraus, wo mindestens 40 farbige Personen von weißen Mobs getötet wurden, nachdem ein Tarifkonflikt durch farbige Streikbrecher verschärft worden war.[2][3]
Hintergrund
East St. Louis riots
Vor dem Mai 1917 begann eine Wanderungsbewegung von Afroamerikanern, die vor den Bedrohungen gegen Leben und Freiheit in den the South nach Norden auswichen. Spannungen in East St. Louis, Illinois zwischen weißen und farbigen Arbeitern begannen zu brodeln. Viele farbige Arbeiter hatten Arbeit in der Industrie vor Ort gefunden. Im Frühling 1917 stimmten die überwiegend weißen Arbeiter der Aluminum Ore Company (Aluminiumerzfabrik) für einen Streik und die Firma rekrutierte hunderte farbige Arbeiter um sie zu ersetzen.[3] Die Situation eskalierte, nachdem Gerüchte von farbigen Männern und weißen Frauen die Runde machten, die sich verbrüdert haben sollten.[4][5] Tausende weißer Männer kamen nach East St. Louis und begannen die African Americans zu attackieren. Gebäude wurden zerstört und Menschen verprügelt. Die Unruhen ebbten zunächst ab, flammten jedoch einige Wochen später erneut und heftiger auf. Nach einem Vorfall in dem ein Polizist von farbigen Anwohnern erschossen worden war, marschierten erneut tausende Weiße in die Stadt ein und begannen erneut mit Vandalismus und Gewalt. Die Encyclopedia of the Harlem Rennaissance berichtet, wie „Augenzeugen den Mob als Wilde Jagd beschrieben, wie Gewalttäter Schwarze jagten um sie zu schlagen, verletzen, erstechen, erschießen, erhängen und verbrennnen.“ („Eyewitnesses likened the mob to a manhunt, describing how rioters sought out blacks to beat, mutilate, stab, shoot, hang, and burn.“)[2]
Die Brutalität der Attacken von weißen Mobs und die Weigerung der Behörden, die Unschuldigen zu schützen, führte zu den Gegenmaßnahmen, die einige African Americans in St. Louis und bundesweit begannen.[6] Marcus Garvey erklärte in einer Ansprache, dass die Unruhen „einer der blutigsten Skandale gegen die Menschheit“ („one of the bloodiest outrages against mankind“) seien und ein „Groß-Massaker unserer Menschen“ („wholesale massacre of our people“). Er bestand darauf, dass „dies keine Zeit für feine Worte ist, sondern eine Zeit die Stimme zu erheben gegen die Wildheit der Menschen, die behaupten Verbreiter der Demokratie zu sein“ („This is no time for fine words, but a time to lift one’s voice against the savagery of a people who claim to be the dispensers of democracy“).[7][8] Nach den Unruhen hatten viele Schwarze das Gefühl, es gäbe nur wenig „Wahrscheinlichkeit, dass die Vereinigten Staaten jemals schwarzen Menschen erlauben würden, die vollen Bürgerrechte, gleiches Recht und Würde zu erlangen“ („possibility of the United States ever permitting black people to enjoy full citizenship, equal rights and dignity“).[9]
Die Schriftsteller und Bürgerrechtsaktivisten, W.E.B DuBois und Martha Gruening besuchten die Stadt nach den Gewalttaten am 2. Juli um mit Zeugen und Überlebenden zu sprechen.[10] Sie schrieben einen Essay, in dem sie die Gewalttaten in „grausigen Details“ (gruesome detail) für The Crisis beschrieben, eine Publikation der NAACP.[10][11]
Planung der Antwort
Datei:Negroes' Protest a Silent Parade 1917.webm
James Weldon Johnson, der Field Secretary der National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP),[12][13] erarbeitete zusammen mit einer Gruppe einflussreicher Führungspersönlichkeiten der Black Community in der St. Philip’s Church in New York eine Position, wie man gegen die Gewalttaten protestieren könnte.[14][15] Die Idee eines stillen Protests war bereits 1916 bei einer NAACP-Konferenz von Oswald Garrison Villard entwickelt worden.[15] Afroamerikanische Frauen in New York hatten auch schon in früheren Silent Parades teilgenommen zusammen mit weißen Frauen, wie zum Beispiel in der Silent Parade im Juni 1917 zur Unterstützung des Roten Kreuz’.[16] Villards Mutter, Fanny Garrison Villard, hatte auch schon 1913 einen Silent March für Suffragetten in New York organisiert.[9] Die Organisatoren entschieden jedoch, das an diesem Protest nur afroamerikanische Menschen teilnehmen sollten, weil nur sie Opfer der gegewärtigen Gewalttaten geworden waren.[15]
Zwei prominente Mitglieder des lokalen Klerus wurden angestoßen als Veranstalter der Parade aufzutreten. Reverend Dr. Hutchens Chews Bishop, der Rector der ältesten Black Episcopal Church in der Stadt und Rev. Dr. Charles Douglas Martin, der Gründer der Vierten Moravian Church, dienten als Präsident und Sekretär für die Parade.[1] Mit „gerechter Empörung“ (righteous indignation) schrieb Martin den Aufruf der einfach nur mit „Warum wir marschieren“ (Why We March) betitelt war. Er erklärte die Gründe für den Protest und wude im Vorfeld und während der Parade verteilt.[1]
Die Parade wurde in The New York Age angekündigt, wo sie re it was described as a "mute but solemn protest against the atrocities and discrimination practiced against the race in various parts of the country."[17] Men, women and children alike were invited to take part. It was hoped that around ten thousand people would be able to participate, and that African Americans in other cities might hold their own parades.[17][18] The New York parade was announced ahead of time in other cities as well.[19][20][21]
Protest in New York
In the midst of record heat[22] in New York City on July 28, an estimated 8,000 to 15,000 African Americans[23][24] marched in silent protest to the lynchings, as in Waco, Memphis, and especially the East St. Louis riots. The march began at 57th Street, down Fifth Avenue, to its end at 23rd Street.[22] Protesters carried signs that highlighted their discontent. Some signs and banners appealed directly to President Woodrow Wilson.[9] A mounted police escort led the parade. Women and children were next, dressed in white. They were followed by the men, dressed in black.[6][2] People of all races looked on from both sides of Fifth Avenue. The New York Age estimated that "fully fifteen thousand Negroes, who should have taken an active part, looked on."[22] Black boy scouts handed out fliers describing why they were marching.[25] During the parade, white people stopped to listen to black people explain the reasons for the march and other white bystanders expressed support and sympathy.[22] Some of the messages written on fliers were:[26]
- We march because by the Grace of God and the force of truth, the dangerous, hampering walls of prejudice and inhuman injustices must fall.
- We march because we deem it a crime to be silent in the face of such barbaric acts.
- We march because we want our children to live a better life and enjoy fairer conditions than have fallen to our lot.
The parade marked the first large black-only protest parade in New York.[27] The New York Times described it the following day:[23] Vorlage:Quote
Media coverage of the march helped to counter the dehumanization of black people in the United States.[25] The parade and its coverage helped depict the NAACP as a "well-organized and mannerly group" and also helped increase its visibility both among white and black people alike.[28]
Marchers hoped to influence Democratic President Wilson to carry through on his election promises to African American voters to implement anti-lynching legislation and promote Black causes. Four days after the silent parade, black leaders involved in the protest, including Madame C.J. Walker, went to Washington D.C. for a planned appointment with the president.[29] The appointment was not kept, as the group of leaders were told that Wilson had "another appointment."[29] They left their petition for Wilson, which reminded him of African Americans serving in World War I and urged him to prevent riots and lynchings in the future.[29] Wilson did not do so and repudiated his promises. Federal discrimination against African Americans increased during Wilson's presidency.[30]
Organizers and leadership
While the parade was put on under the banner of the Harlem branch of the NAACP, a who's who of the Church and business community helped plan the event. The issue of the NAACP The Crisis magazine which described the parade quotes the New York World this way:[31] Vorlage:Quote
Legacy
The parade was the very first protest of its kind in New York, and the second instance of African Americans publicly demonstrating for civil rights.[32] The Silent Parade evoked empathy by Jewish people who remembered pogroms against them and also inspired the media to express support of African Americans in their struggle against lynching and oppression.[33]
Another large silent parade took place in Newark in 1918. On the day before the parade, members of the NAACP spoke at local churches about the parade and the Dyer Anti-Lynching Bill.[34] Women from the New Jersey Federation of Colored Women's Clubs (NJFCWC) marched along with men and other women carrying signs.[34] A large meeting was held in the Newark Armory when the parade was complete.[34] Another NAACP-sponsored silent march happened on August 26, 1989 to protest recent Supreme Court decisions. The U.S. Park Service estimated over 35,000 people participated.[35] The march was encouraged by NAACP director, Benjamin L. Hooks.[36]
In East St. Louis, there was a week-long commemoration of the riots and march in the weeks prior to the 100th anniversary on July 28, 2017.[37] Around 300 people marched from the SIUE East St. Louis Higher Learning Center to the Eads Bridge.[38] Everyone marched in silence, with many women in white and men wearing black suits. Those who couldn't walk followed by car.[38]
On the 100th anniversary, Google commemorated the parade in a Google Doodle.[39] Many people in 2017 expressed online that they first learned about the Silent Parade through the day's Google Doodle.[40]
A group of artists, along with the NAACP, planned a re-enactment of the silent march in New York for the evening on July 28, 2017.[41] The event, with around 100 people and many participants wearing white, was not able to march down Fifth Avenue because the city would not grant access due to Trump Tower being located there.[42] The commemoration took place on Sixth Avenue instead, and the group held up portraits of contemporary victims of violence by both police and vigilantes in the United States.[42]
Einzelnachweise
- ↑ a b c The Negro Silent Protest Parade organized by the NAACP Fifth Ave., New York City July 28, 1917. National Humanities Center, Research Triangle Park, NC 2014.
- ↑ a b c Encyclopedia of the Harlem Renaissance: K–Y. Routledge 2004: S. 752. ISBN 157958389X
- ↑ a b The East St. Louis Race Riot Left Dozens Dead, Devastating a Community on the Rise. Smithsonian Institution, Smithsonian.com 30. Juni 2017.
- ↑ Rudwick, Race Riot at East St. Louis, 1964.
- ↑ Leonard, „E. St. Louis Riot“, St. Louis Post-Dispatch, 13. Januar 2004.
- ↑ a b James Winston: Holding Aloft the Banner of Ethiopia: Caribbean Radicalism in Early Twentieth-century America. Verso 1998: S. 94–96. ISBN 9781859841402
- ↑ Herbert Shapiro: White Violence and Black Response: From Reconstruction to Montgomery. University of Massachusetts Press 1988: S. 163.
- ↑ Speech by Marcus Garvey, July 8, 1917. Exzerpte von Robert A. Hill (hg.): The Marcus Garvey and Universal Negro Improvement Association Papers, Volume I, 1826–August 1919. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press 1983. PBS, American Experience 2009.
- ↑ a b c Mark Ellis: Race, War, and Surveillance: African Americans and the United States Government during World War I. Project MUSE, Indiana University Press, Bloomington, Indiana 2001: S. 43. ISBN 978-0-253-10932-3
- ↑ a b Olivia B. Waxman: The Forgotten March That Started the National Civil Rights Movement Took Place 100 Years Ago. Time, time.com 2017.
- ↑ [ http://library.brown.edu/pdfs/1292426769648500.pdf The Massacre of East St. Louis September 1917.] In: The Crisis vol. 14, 5: S. 219–238.
- ↑ Opening Credits. In: The Crisis. Juni 1917, vol. 14, 2: S. 1.
- ↑ [ http://library.brown.edu/pdfs/1292426769648500.pdf Opening Credits.] In: The Crisis. September 1917, vol. 14, 5: S. 1
- ↑ Jessica Milward: Finding Charity’s Folks. Google Books. 2017.
- ↑ a b c Alexis Newman: NAACP Silent Protest Parade, New York City (1917). The Black Past: Remembered and Reclaimed 2017.
- ↑ Colored Women Take Part in „Silent Parade“ on Fifth Avenue for Red Cross. In: The New York Age. 28. Juni 1917 Newspapers.com.
- ↑ a b The Silent Parade proposed to. In: The New York Age, 19 July 1917. Abgerufen im 28 July 2017.
- ↑ The Silent Parade. In: The New York Age, 26 July 1917. Abgerufen im 28 July 2017.
- ↑ Negroes to Hold a Silent Parade. In: The Daily Times, 25 July 1917. Abgerufen im 28 July 2017.
- ↑ To Have Silent Parade. In: Palladium-Item, 25 July 1917. Abgerufen im 28 July 2017.
- ↑ New York Negro to Protest Riots. In: The Oklahoma City Times, 25 July 1917. Abgerufen im 28 July 2017.
- ↑ a b c d Lester A. Walton: Nearly Ten Thousand Take Part In Big Silent Protest Parade Down Fifth Avenue. In: New York Age . Aug 2, 1917. Abgerufen im July 28, 2017.
- ↑ a b NEGROES IN PROTEST MARCH IN FIFTH AV.; 8,000 Men, Women, and Children Demand That Discrimination and Oppression End. TELL WOES ON BANNERS Parade in Silence While Thousands of Their Race Look On with Never a Cheer.. In: The New York Times . The New York Times. July 29, 1917. Abgerufen im July 28, 2017.
- ↑ 15,000 Negroes in Anti-Riot Parade. In: New York Herald, 29 July 1917. Abgerufen im 28 July 2017.
- ↑ a b Soyica Diggs Colbert: Black Movements: Performance and Cultural Politics. Rutgers University Press, New Brunswick 2017, ISBN 9780813588544, S. 145–146.
- ↑ Roman Debotch: The Silent Parade of 1917: Why the Forgotten March Matters. In: Black Excellence .
- ↑ Listening to the Silent Parade of 1917: The Forgotten Civil Rights March. In: The Bowery Boys: New York City History . 27 July 2017. Abgerufen im 28 July 2017.
- ↑ Lee Sartain: Invisible Activists: Women of the Louisiana NAACP and the Struggle for Civil Rights, 1915–1945. Louisiana State University Press, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 2007, ISBN 9780807135761, S. 20.
- ↑ a b c Darlene R. Stille: Madam C.J. Walker: Entrepreneur and Millionaire. Compass Point Books, Minneapolis, Minnesota 2007, ISBN 9780756518837, S. 78–80: „silent march 1917.“
- ↑ Vorlage:Cite encyclopedia
- ↑ The Negro Silent Parade. In: The Crisis. 14, Nr. 5, September 1917, S. 241–244.
- ↑ David Levering Lewis, W. E. B. Du Bois: A Biography (Henry Holt & Company, 2009), p. 352. The first instance was picketing against the 1915 film The Birth of a Nation.
- ↑ Alan Dawley: Changing the World: American Progressives in War and Revolution. Princeton University Press, Princeton, New Jersey 2003, ISBN 9781400850594, S. 164.
- ↑ a b c Betty Livingston Adams: Black Women’s Christian Activism: Seeking Social Justice in a Northern Suburb. NYU Press, New York 2016, ISBN 9781479880324, S. 86.
- ↑ Thousands Stage Silent March on Capitol : Civil Rights Gathering Protests Recent Supreme Court Decisions. Los Angeles Times. 27. August 1989. Abgerufen am 28. Juli 2017.
- ↑ NAACP to Hold Silent March in Washington to Protest New Supreme Court Ruling. In: Jet. 76, Nr. 20, 21 August 1989, S. 6.
- ↑ Kaley Johnson: March in memory of race riot victims gives voice to history and healing (en). In: Belleville News-Democrat, 2 July 2017. Abgerufen am 28. Juli 2017.
- ↑ a b Kenya Vaughn: ESL commemorated 100th anniversary of unparalleled racial terror (en). In: St. Louis American, 6 July 2017. Abgerufen am 28. Juli 2017.
- ↑ Kate Samuelson: Google Doodle Commemorates 100th Anniversary of the Silent Parade. In: Time . 28 July 2017. Abgerufen am 28. Juli 2017.
- ↑ Tanasia Kenney: Many Learn of #SilentParade For First Time After Google Honors Iconic Civil Rights March. In: Atlanta Black Star . 29. Juli 2017. Abgerufen am 29. Juli 2017.
- ↑ Gabriella Angeleti: Arts group to restage historic civil rights protest in New York. In: The Art Newspaper, 28 July 2017.
- ↑ a b Jamiles Lartey: Activists marking 100th anniversary of NAACP's silent parade see scary parallels (en-GB). In: The Guardian, 29. Juli 2017.
Weblinks
- "Centennial of the 1917 Negro Silent Protest Parade: Marching Mission to Petition Congress for Progress", by Dante Haughton, (Nancy Kuhl), Yale University Beinecke Rare Book & Manuscript Library website, 26 July 2017.
- The Crisis (NAACP Magazine) September 1917 with articles on The Massacre of East St. Louis and The Negro Silent Protest Parade, New York City.
[[Category:Civil rights protests in the United States]] [[Category:Protest marches in New York City]] [[Category:African-American history in New York City]] [[Category:African-American history between emancipation and the Civil Rights Movement]] [[Category:History of African-American civil rights]] [[Category:Racially motivated violence against African Americans]] [[Category:Lynching in the United States]] [[Category:1917 in New York (state)]] [[Category:United States home front during World War I]] [[Category:July 1917 events]] [[Category:1917 protests]]