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WIGRIS

Unstable and Stable Energies

Energy systems in the universe may get unstable. The big bang postulated in physics is an example. Other examples are colliding galaxies G, stars or comets, nuclear decay or the last year discovered Higgs Boson or an abstract system HB, as nucleon decay insufficiently treated in science, the internet and world press. Energy systems tend to decay through intermediate energy transfer into stable systems in case their old localization allows no equilibrium. In some stable energy systems Q, their inner energies is distributed in grids which I introduce for nuclear, vectorial (HB decays) spactime grids. Stars in newly generated G are macroscopic examples. Now astro-research studies the possibility of dark matter DM or dark energies DE in G. Adding up the observable G mass shows that G should decay, it is too low. Research goes in terms of nuclear QCD grids, color charge-gluon particles bound. Color charges of quarks in nucleons, however, are not treated sufficiently by QCD. A warning is necessary, since for instance gravitons, postulated as particle carriers for gravity GR, are not experimentally verified today. I introduced for WIGRIS as new nuclear theory a color charge 3-fold whirl graviton grid for stable, color charge neutral nucleons and the group of Moebius transformations MT (acting on every a nucleon ball bounding surface) sphere S2. MT’s are responsible for the Pauli spin group, already found about 100 years ago and experimentally well documented. The Pauli symmetry group SU(2) grids are for spacetime with a quaternionic non-commutative matrix presentation with the non-commutative special relativistic SR metric, measuring other systems with +v or −v. The Sn are unit spheres in a higher (n + 1)-dimensional space, for n = 2 as ball surfaces. For quantum mechanics QM I suggest a complex 3-, finite dimensional Hilbert space as a matrix operator space C3 in which energy systems can be formed or decay. For HB localizations, a 5-dimensional unit sphere S5 in C3 grid as energy carrier is suitable; its coordinates get scaled by an angle, reminding to the Einstein SR measuring angle towards other energy systems P. In the HB case S5 becomes geometrically a complex 2-dimensional space, projectively closed by a sphere S2. The sphere S2 is a boundary of a newly generated system Q, arising from decaying HB’s. Its energy is sitting inside S2, can be a nucleon, a star or a galaxy. According to Einstein, it can also be observed by other stable P, having another grids measuring coordinate system. Coordinates and measures are bound to local energy systems, not universal and not commutative as the Pauli spin. Using a scaling of relevant MT’s to coordinates 0,±1, I observe (see the literature below) that there are three groups of MT’s. Some MT count with their powers natural numbers or integers Z and are of infinte order like Z. Other ones have finite order 2 or 3. Spin matrices are of order 2, reflections. The ones of order 3 can be used for instance as turning angles 0,±120 degree of an equilateral triangle. They are presented by the 3 cubic roots of unity which I attribute to the cubic GR behaviour. As symmetry group, like the Pauli spin group of order 4 or also QCD order 8, they generate, together with the first Pauli spin matrix of order 2 (or a similar reflection of order 2), symmetry groups of order 6 not used in physics today. These symmetry groups are for stable nucleons as energy systems bound by an S2 with 3 quarks inside, arising from HB decays, having 6 color charges and gluon (QCD) bound integrating states CST. Single quarks don’t exist in the universe, but decay; also two quark mesons decay. CST is a spacetime grid, only possible for 3 or more quarks.

WIGRIS is illustrated now by additional examples: Australian geologists AG publish that the earth is rotational not as stable as assumed earlier. They measured that the hot kernel K, and also fluid parts between K and the surface ES we live on, have different rotational speeds than our day and night; in addition these speeds change in time. Einstein introduced for such, only partly related, energies SR, quoted for this research from AG. The finding is that parts like K have a SR speed v towards ES. In different coordinate systems EISK,ES belonging for instance to K and ES, the SR measure scales all energies and spacetime coordinates. Observe, that EISK,ES can reach as a sinus value only a turning angle of 1. Then decays of matter occur, - as known for light energies, the electromagnetic interaction, with this maximal observable speed in the universe when atomic electrons release or absorbe it. For the two nuclear forces strong SI and weak WI interaction I postulated synchronized two CST with an integrating 4 state spin grid for WI. Synchronized are for instance parallel spins and magnetic momenta of quarks which allow a generated protons electrical + charge to let an electron in a hydrogen shell with its − charge rotate. In the two SI, WI coordinate systesm in SR motion against one another, a 3-fold radial graviton contraction and expansion is barycentrical for the 3 quark masses barycenters as a geometrical triangle in SI, while the triangle in WI coordinates is spiralic contracting and expanding with 60 degree angles.

Another example is speed of light: Einstein SR measures need an observer as measuring apparatus Q and another measured system P. From physics without such P,Q I quote the not observable waves of QM, living in an infinite dimensional, complex Hilbert space. If energies have not such a couple Q, P, they cannot be observed like . The complex couple for a wave is in QM its complex conjugate and it can be observed, but only as a real probability distribution in some spacetime. If complex speeds higher than the speed of light exist, they are not observable. Are DE, waves or graviton whirls of this kind? Barycentrical GR coordinates generate many 3-dimensional vectorial, energies carrying subspaces U in C3 for a suitable probabilistic space location. I suggest that no direct proofs for non-observable energies are possible. SR is only one restriction for them, spacetime grids have as lower bounds the Planck constant h. If DM, DE are considered, one should take into account the matrix operator bound geometry in C3 and the above mentioned grids. Neither local R4 spacetime coordinates for one of many possible C3 subspaces are sufficient to explain them, nor an infinite dimensional Hilbert space of QM. The old theories need a revision on the grounds of modern findings.

As new research suggested my new symmetry groups like the MT with boundary value problems through S2, which have not been known to Pauli, Einstein 100 years ago. I present this together with boundaries S2 as a new possibility for physics and I developed on this base a WIGRIS energy distribution for nucleons.

--Literatur--

G. Kalmbach H.E.: Hedgehog balls, Igelkräfte. In: P. Hitzler and G. Kalmbach eds., MINT (Mathematik, Informatik, Naturwissenschaften, Technik), vol. 27,MINT-Verlag, Bad Woerishofen, 2013