Quelltext der Seite Benutzer:ConsciousWisp/Maria Grzegorzewska

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'''Maria Grzegorzewska''' (*18 April 1888,†7 Mai 1967) war eine [[Polen|polnische]] Pädagogin, welche die [[Sonderpädagogik]]-Bewegung in Polen etablierte. Sie stammte aus einer Familie aus der [[Samogitia|Żmudź-Region]] und wurde stark vom Glauben ihrer Eltern an den [[Humanismus]] geprägt. Nach dem Besuch der [[Fliegende Universität|Geheimschule]], wo sie ihre [[Grundausbildung]] von polnischen statt russischen Lehrern erhielt, erwarb sie in [[Litauen]] ihre Lehrbefähigung. Sie setzte ihre Ausbildung an der [[Jagiellonen-Universität]] in [[Krakau]] fort und schloss sich 1913 ihrer Kollegin [[Józefa Joteyko]] in [[Brüssel]] an, um an der Internationalen Pädologischen Fakultät zu studieren. Als ihr Studium in Belgien durch den [[Erster Weltkrieg]] unterbrochen wurde, machte sich Grzegorzewska auf den Weg nach Paris und promovierte 1916 an der [[Universität Paris|Sorbonne]].

After the establishment of the [[Second Polish Republic]] in 1918, Grzegorzewska returned to Poland intent upon creating programs which addressed the needs of disabled children and introducing educational reforms to improve their lives. In 1919, she began working for the [[Ministry of Religious Affairs and Public Education (Poland)|Ministry of Religious Affairs and Public Education]], establishing facilities for the care of disabled children, schools for [[special education]], and training programs for teachers. Using her own methodology, she designed curriculum which in 1922 was implemented at the newly founded State Institute of Special Education ({{plS|Państwowy Instytut Pedagogiki Specjalnej}}). She directed this institute from its founding until her death.

During [[World War II]], Grzegorzewska worked as a nurse, was active in the [[Polish resistance movement in World War II|Polish resistance movement]], and taught in Warsaw. She joined [[Żegota]] and provided assistance to Jews. When [[Occupation of Poland (1939–1945)|Poland was liberated]] in 1945, Grzegorzewska reactivated the Special Education Institute and within five years introduced graduate and extramural courses to the curricula. In 1950, during the implementation of [[Stalinism|Stalinist doctrine]] in Poland, the school was renamed the State College of Special Education ({{plS|Państwowe Studium Pedagogiki Specjalnej}}) and a state curricula was introduced. She struggled against the state program, wanting to protect special education and people with disabilities. After the [[Polish October|1956 thaw]], the institute regained governmental support and reverted to its initial name. Between 1957 and 1960, was a full professor at the [[University of Warsaw]]. Her work in science and for the Polish education system were honored with numerous awards and distinctions.

==Early life==
Maria Stefania Grzegorzewska was born on 18 April 1888 in [[Wołucza]], a village in the [[Congress Poland|Kingdom of Poland]] of the [[Russian Empire]] to Felicja (née Bogdanowicz) and Adolf Grzegorzewski.{{sfn|Stec|2014|p=10}}{{sfn|Siemak-Tylikowska|1993|p=625}} Both of her parents were from [[Samogitia|Żmudź]], a region in modern-day [[Lithuania]], and had moved to Wołucza, where they leased an estate. Her father served as the estate administrator and also oversaw neighboring farms, advocating for modernization of agricultural practices and humane treatment of workers.{{sfn|Stec|2014|pp=11–12}} Her mother was involved in social projects to help local villagers and provided medical care in their community.{{sfn|Stec|2014|p=14}} The youngest of six siblings,{{sfn|Siemak-Tylikowska|1993|p=625}}{{sfn|Polish Scientific Publishers PWN|1997}} including Zenon, Wanda, Helena, Witold and Władysław,{{sfn|Stec|2014|p=11}} Grzegorzewska was influenced by her parents' sense of duty to their community.{{sfn|Stec|2014|pp=10, 14}}{{sfn|Siemak-Tylikowska|1993|p=625}} From a young age, she developed a sense of social responsibility.{{sfn|Stec|2014|p=18}}

In 1900, when Grzegorzewska began her education in Poland, [[Russification]] programs caused many parents to send their children to [[Flying University|clandestine]] private schools so that they could study Polish culture and language.{{sfn|Stec|2014|p=20}} She studied at a boarding school in [[Warsaw]] operated by Mrs. Kotwicki for four years and then entered [[Paulina Hewelke]]'s school, completing an additional three years of schooling before graduating in 1907.{{sfn|Siemak-Tylikowska|1993|p=625}}{{sfn|Bucior|2013}} She immediately entered a one-year, university preparatory course led by [[Ludwik Krzywicki]] from the Department of Mathematics and Natural Sciences at the [[University of Warsaw]].{{sfn|Siemak-Tylikowska|1993|p=625}}{{sfn|Stec|2014|p=21}} During her studies, she met and became involved with a group of social activists which included {{ill|Marian Falski|pl}}, {{ill|Helena Radlińska|pl}}, and [[Stefania Sempołowska]].{{sfn|Bucior|2013}}{{sfn|Stec|2014|p=22}} Participating in the [[Socialism|socialist]] youth underground and providing education for workers brought her to the attention of the tsarist police, forcing Grzegorzewska to flee to Lithuania.{{sfn|Siemak-Tylikowska|1993|p=625}}{{sfn|Stec|2014|p=22}} In Lithuania, she earned a diploma as a private teacher and took in students in their homes to earn money to enter university.{{sfn|Stec|2014|p=22}}

In 1909, Grzegorzewska began her studies at the [[Jagiellonian University]] in [[Kraków]], simultaneously working as a tutor, lecturing at the [[Adam Mickiewicz People's University]], and performing odd jobs, such as gluing envelopes.{{sfn|Polish Scientific Publishers PWN|1997}}{{sfn|Bucior|2013}} For two years, she studied and worked in Kraków, but a lack of proper nutrition and sleep impacted her health. Suffering from a lung disease, Grzegorzewska left school to seek treatment in [[Zakopane]],{{sfn|Stec|2014|pp=23-24}} where her fiancé Czesław had been to treat his [[tuberculosis]]. Czesław died after a few months, sending Grzegorzewska into a depression.{{sfn|Polish Scientific Publishers PWN|1997}}{{sfn|Stec|2014|p=24}} Staying at the [[Villa Osobita]], she met [[Władysław Heinrich]], who told her of the work being done in [[paedology]] by her countrywoman, [[Józefa Joteyko]] in [[Belgium]].{{sfn|Stec|2014|p=24}} She began a correspondence with Joteyko and after a trip to Italy with her family returned to Zakopane, where she tutored to earn enough money to continue her studies in [[Brussels]].{{sfn|Polish Scientific Publishers PWN|1997}}{{sfn|Stec|2014|p=24}}

==Life abroad==
In 1913, Grzegorzewska arrived at the International Paedological Faculty of Brussels and began studying with Joteyko. Taking courses in [[pedagogy]], [[psychology]], and [[sociology]], she began to meet eminent scholars and scientists, like [[Édouard Claparède]], [[Émile Jaques-Dalcroze]], and [[Ovide Decroly]], among others, who influenced her development.{{sfn|Siemak-Tylikowska|1993|p=625}} Though the faculty of the school was a mix of international scientists, she shared lodging with Polish students [[Józefa Berggruen]], [[Stefania Chmielakówna]] and Wanda Wosińska.{{sfn|Stec|2014|p=27}} As part of her research, Grzegorzewska began a study in the public schools in Brussels on children's [[aesthetical]] development.{{sfn|Stec|2014|p=28}} Initially, Grzegorzewska was drawn to the broad range of Joteyko's knowledge and her empathy toward children and the poor. As their relationship evolved, they became companions in both their professional and private lives.{{sfn|Stec|2014|p=30}} In 1914, Grzegorzewska returned to Poland on a vacation to see her family and was there at the start of [[World War I]]. Traveling on a war ship through the mined [[North Sea]], she rejoined Joteyko in London in 1915.{{sfn|Siemak-Tylikowska|1993|p=625}}{{sfn|Konarski|1965|pp=297–300}} After a short stay, the two migrated to Paris, where Joteyko began teaching at the [[Collège de France]] and Grzegorzewska enrolled at the [[University of Paris|Sorbonne]].{{sfn|Stec|2014|p=32}}

Continuing her interest in aesthetics, Grzegorzewska compiled her research from Belgium into a thesis  ''Study on the Development of Aesthetic Feelings – Research in the Field of Experimental Aesthetics Conducted among Students of Brussels Schools'' ({{plS|Studium na temat rozwoju uczuć estetycznych – badania z zakresu estetyki eksperymentalnej przeprowadzone wśród uczniów szkół brukselskich}}), earning her PhD in 1916.{{sfn|Stec|2014|p=32}}{{sfn|Zielińska|2013|p=1}} While she was working on her dissertation, Grzegorzewska took part in a field trip to the [[Bicêtre Hospital]], a psychiatric facility which treated people with severe [[Intellectual disability|intellectual disabilities]].{{sfn|Stec|2014|p=33}}{{sfn|Siemak-Tylikowska|1993|p=626}} The excursion had a profound effect on her and  she determined that her life's work would be involved with providing equal access and education to people with disabilities.{{sfn|Polish Scientific Publishers PWN|1997}}{{sfn|Siemak-Tylikowska|1993|p=626}} She began working in a school for intellectually disabled students in Paris and created a method, based on her training and experience, to work with pupils.{{sfn|Bucior|2013}}{{sfn|Stec|2014|p=34}} In 1918, she and Joteyko founded the [[Polish Teaching League]] ({{frS|Ligue Polonaise d'Enseignement}}, {{plS|Polska Liga Nauczania}}) in Paris with the purpose of helping exiled Poles involved in the independence movement gather materials on education and teaching methodology.{{sfn|Konarski|1965|pp=297–300}} They planned to use the materials to help develop a modern school system once Poland regained its independence. Grzegorzewska wrote an article for the League, ''On the Need to Organize Special Education for Abnormal Children in Poland'' ({{plS|O konieczności zorganizowania specjalnego szkolnictwa dla dzieci anormalnych w Polsce}}).{{sfn|Stec|2014|p=34}}

==Return to Poland==
In May 1919, Grzegorzewska and Joteyko returned to Poland, soon after the establishment of the [[Second Polish Republic]].{{sfn|Siemak-Tylikowska|1993|p=626}}{{sfn|Szot|2011}} After a few months began working as an assistant in the [[Ministry of Religious Affairs and Public Education (Poland)|Ministry of Religious Affairs and Public Education]]. She was tasked with managing the development of [[special education]] for schools, institutions and educators.{{sfn|Siemak-Tylikowska|1993|p=626}}{{sfn|Bołdyrew|2018|p=112}} At the time, the only special education facilities in the country consisted of bureaus for the blind in [[Bydgoszcz]] and [[Lviv]], a bureau for the deaf in Warsaw, and supplementary schools to assist with support services in Warsaw and [[Lodz]].{{sfn|Maslić|1965|p=92}} As Joteyko had been denied placement at the [[University of Warsaw]],{{sfn|Szot|2011}}{{sfn|Bołdyrew|2018|p=111}} Grzegorzewska helped her find work as a lecturer at the National Pedagogical Institute ({{plS|Państwowy Instytut Pedagogiczny}}) and {{ill|National Institute of the Deaf|pl|Instytut Głuchoniemych w Warszawie}} ({{plS|Instytut Głuchoniemych w Warszawie}})in Warsaw.{{sfn|Bołdyrew|2018|p=112}}{{sfn|Löwy|2005|p=159}} Though at the time in Poland, there were limited facilities which had been established for deaf, blind, and intellectually disabled people, there was no national system to address the education of those living with physical or mental impairments. Grzegorzewska aimed to implement educational methods she designed, mandatory training for teachers, and on-going research projects to assess the system over time.{{sfn|Siemak-Tylikowska|1993|p=627}} Her educational method adopted a holistic approach which included addressing care, barriers to everyday functioning, and the education of disabled people, but also their social integration and socio-professional development.{{sfn|Stec|2014|p=40}} It approached evaluating chronically ill, disabled, or socially maladjusted children from an interdisciplinary, scientific stance, rather than focusing on their perceived defects.{{sfn|Stec|2014|p=42}}{{sfn|Zielińska|2013|p=2}}

After a three-year period, in which she reorganized her teaching course several times, Grzegorzewska founded the {{ill|Maria Grzegorzewska Academy of Special Education|lt=State Institute of Special Education|pl|Akademia Pedagogiki Specjalnej im. Marii Grzegorzewskiej w Warszawie}} ({{plS|Państwowy Instytut Pedagogiki Specjalnej}}) in 1922.{{sfn|Bołdyrew|2018|p=112}}{{sfn|Siemak-Tylikowska|1993|p=627}}{{sfn|Stec|2014|p=35}} She served as the director of the Institute from its inception until her death.{{sfn|Bołdyrew|2018|p=112}} In 1924, she founded the journal, ''Special School'' ({{plS|Szkoła specjalna}}) to publish about the field and spur scientific work to develop "innovative methods of revalidation" for maladjusted and disabled children, which she directed to the end of her life.{{sfn|Bucior|2013}}{{sfn|Sipowicz|Podlecka|Pietras|2019|p=272}} When Joteyko's heart condition became worse in 1927, Grzegorzewska took charge of her care until her death the following year.{{sfn|Löwy|2005|p=151}}{{sfn|Stec|2014|p=31}} In 1930 founded and directed the State Teacher's Institute ({{plS|Państwowy Instytut Nauczycielski}}), to give educators a facility for improving their skills through further education and training on teaching techniques.{{sfn|Bołdyrew|2018|p=112}}{{sfn|Siemak-Tylikowska|1993|pp=627–628}} She was dismissed from the Teacher's Institute in 1935 because she opposed the [[authoritarianism|authoritarian rule]] advocated by the [[Sanation|Sanacja movement]].{{sfn|Bołdyrew|2018|p=112}} In 1927 she published a book, ''Psychological Structure of Visual and Tactile Reading'' ({{plS|Struktura psychiczna czytania wzrokowego i dotykowego}}).{{sfn|Polish Scientific Publishers PWN|1997}} She participated in many conferences, including the 4th Congress of the International New Education League held in 1927 in [[Locarno]], Switzerland; the 2nd Congress of Teachers of Special Schools hosted in 1934; and the 1st National Children's Congress of 1938.{{sfn|Zielińska|2013|p=2}}

[[File:Maria grzegorzewska popiersie.jpg|thumb|alt=Sculpture of a woman's bust|Grzegorzewska statue at the Academy of Special Education in Warsaw]]
With the onset of [[World War II]] in 1939, the Special Education Institute was closed, and Grzegorzewska began working as a nurse in an army hospital run by the [[Polish Red Cross]].{{sfn|Zielińska|2013|p=2}}{{sfn|Siemak-Tylikowska|1993|p=628}} Between 1939 and 1944, she taught at Special School No. 177 in Warsaw and participated in the [[Education in Poland during World War II|clandestine educational system]].{{sfn|Zielińska|2013|p=2}} Active in the [[Polish resistance movement in World War II|Polish resistance movement]], she distributed arms and pamphlets; joined [[Żegota]], providing "meritorious" assistance to [[History of the Jews in Poland|Jews]]; and took part in hiding Jews to save their lives.{{sfn|Siemak-Tylikowska|1993|p=628}}{{sfn|Jewish Virtual Library|1998}} She served as a member of [[Ochota]]'s health patrol during the [[Warsaw Uprising]]. During the uprising, her house was destroyed, and in it, unpublished manuscripts of two of her books, second volume of ''Psychology of the Deaf'' ({{plS|Psychologia niewidomych}}), first volume published in 1930) and ''Teacher's Personality'' ({{plS|Osobowość nauczyciela}}).{{sfn|Polish Scientific Publishers PWN|1997}} After [[Occupation of Poland (1939–1945)|Poland was liberated]] in 1945, Grzegorzewska reactivated the Special Education Institute, which had been destroyed during the conflict. Recognizing that 30% of the teachers had died in the war, she initiated programs to help train new teachers quickly. The Polish Teachers' Union was reestablished and she began research to evaluate existing educational programs, teachers' socio-economic status, and the role of schools in their communities, among other topics.{{sfn|Siemak-Tylikowska|1993|p=628}}

In 1947, Grzegorzewska published the first volume of her ''[[magnum opus]]'' ''Letters to a Young Teacher'' ({{plS|Listy do młodego nauczyciela}}) in which she set forth her thoughts on the relationship of teachers to their students and the impact that educators have on a pupil's development.{{sfn|Polish Scientific Publishers PWN|1997}}{{sfn|Stec|2014|p=2}}{{sfn|Sipowicz|Podlecka|Pietras|2019|p=273}} In the book, she discussed solutions to improve the lives of people with disabilities by overcoming their functional limitations, including their living conditions. She stressed that lessons should be grounded in flexible activity, which met the abilities of students and stimulated their learning. She noted the importance of adequate breaks to prevent overstimulation.{{sfn|Stec|2014|p=43}} Creating a detailed classification system, she advocated that the spectrum of disabilities was extremely broad and required teachers to individualize training to meet students' needs.{{sfn|Stec|2014|p=46}} She chose the title to convey that the information in the book was a dialogue, intended to generate reflection and inspiration, as well as feedback from teachers.{{sfn|Grzybowska|2009|pp=354–355}} The entire work contained 24 letters, published in 3 volumes, between 1947 and 1961. The first volume along with practical advice, focused on building community among teachers, encouraging them to help each other.{{sfn|Grzybowska|2009|p=355}} Other letters gave historic information on innovators in education, and still others discussed humanitarian and ethical values as the keys to self-knowledge and coping mechanisms for change, which could in turn motivate and inspire others. She was less interested in structure of materials and more focused upon providing assistance which recognized the dignity and right to equality of all life.{{sfn|Grzybowska|2009|p=355-356}}{{sfn|Sipowicz|Podlecka|Pietras|2019|pp=274–276}} The volumes were influential in the international development of thought on education in general, as well as special education.{{sfn|Siemak-Tylikowska|1993|p=628}}{{sfn|Sipowicz|Podlecka|Pietras|2019|pp=274–276}}

In 1950, Grzegorzewska introduced [[Extramural education|extramural]] and postgraduate courses at the Institute of Special Education, but in March, the school was renamed the State College of Special Education ({{plS|Państwowe Studium Pedagogiki Specjalnej}}) and a state curricula was introduced.{{sfn|Academy of Special Pedagogy|2019}} During the remainder of the [[Stalinism|Stalinist period]], her activities were "received coldly" by those in power in the [[Polish People's Republic]],{{sfn|Sipowicz|Podlecka|Pietras|2019|pp=272–273}} as the official position was that people with disabilities needed no special consideration. Teachers who were judged to be insufficiently [[Marxist]] were dismissed or demoted and teacher training was eliminated.{{sfn|Grzybowska|Grzybowski|1994|p=113}} She fought to protect special education and people with disabilities to prevent them from being harmed by [[production quota]]s and policies based on fear and suspicion.{{sfn|Sipowicz|Podlecka|Pietras|2019|pp=272–273}} putting her job in jeopardy.{{sfn|Grzybowska|Grzybowski|1994|p=113}} When the [[Polish October|1956 thaw]] granted the Polish government greater autonomy from Russian policies, she regained the support of authorities and the name of the Institute was reestablished.{{sfn|Academy of Special Pedagogy|2019}}{{sfn|Sipowicz|Podlecka|Pietras|2019|pp=272–273}} From 1957 to 1960 she was a full professor at the [[University of Warsaw]] and the chair of the first Polish Department of Special Pedagogy.{{sfn|Sipowicz|Podlecka|Pietras|2019|p=273}} She introduced tertiary courses in special education for the University of Warsaw.{{sfn|Maslić|1965|p=62}} Her later major works include ''Analysis of Compensation Occurrences among the Deaf and Mute'' ({{plS|Analiza zjawisk kompensacji u głuchych i niewidomych}}, 1959) and ''Selection of Works'' ({{plS|Wybór pism}}, 1964).{{sfn|Polish Scientific Publishers PWN|1997}} Her work in science and the Polish education system were honored with numerous awards and distinctions at the end of her life.{{sfn|Sipowicz|Podlecka|Pietras|2019|p=273}}

==Death and legacy==
[[File:Wolucza monument01.jpg|thumb|right|Monument to Grzegorzewska in [[Wołucza]]]]
Grzegorzewska died from a heart attack on 7 May 1967 at her home in {{ill|Zalesie Dolne|pl}}, a former town, which has been incorporated into the present city of [[Piaseczno]], near Warsaw.{{sfn|Stec|2014|p=37}} She was buried in the [[Powązki Cemetery]] on the "Avenue of the Meritorious".{{sfn||Warsaw Tombstone Monuments|2009}} She is remembered as the founder of the system of special education in Poland, as well as one of the people who advocated for the name of the field.{{sfn|Siemak-Tylikowska|1993|p=628}} Her approach of using special education to give to disabled or maladjusted children training to allow them to adapt to society and overcome the limitations of their mental and physical health marked a shift in the evolution of educational thought from treating the disability to recognizing the needs of the person.{{sfn|Siemak-Tylikowska|1993|p=629}} [[Jerzy Zawieyski]] based his novel ''The Way Home'' ({{plS|Droga do domu}}) on the relationship of Grzegorzewska and Czesław.{{sfn|Polish Scientific Publishers PWN|1997}}{{sfn|Stec|2014|p=25}}

[[File:Maria Grzegorzewska - grób.jpg|thumb|upright=0.5|alt=A photograph of a flat tombstone, decorated with lanterns and flowers|Grzegorzewska's gravestone Powązki Cemetery]]
Grzegorzewska's work was known in other countries of the [[Eastern Bloc]], like [[Yugoslavia]], through translations and correspondence with others working in the field of disability from the 1930s. Contact with {{ill|Veljko Ramadanović|sr}}, who founded the first institution for the disabled in Serbia, led to students such as [[Božidar Karličić]], Petar Meandžija, [[Desimir Ristović]], and Ljubica Vucelić graduating from the programs of the State Institute of Special Education.{{sfn|Maslić|1965|p=91}} A special education school in the city of [[Poznań]], the Maria Grzegorzewska Special School Complex No. 103 ({{plS|Zespół Szkół Specjalnych nr 103 im. Marii Grzegorzewskiej}}), was named in her honor in 1972.{{sfn|Poznań City Hall|1998}} In 1976 the State Institute of Special Education in Warsaw which she had founded was named after her; it is now known as the Maria Grzegorzewska University (sometimes translated as the Maria Grzegorzewska Academy of Special Pedagogy ({{plS|Akademia Pedagogiki Specjalnej im. Marii Grzegorzewskiej}}).{{sfn|Academy of Special Pedagogy|2019}}{{sfn|Maria Grzegorzewska University|2022}} There are two monuments dedicated to her; one near the school in Poznań{{sfn|Cieliczko|2018}} and another one in [[Kurzeszyn]], near Grzegorzewska's birthplace of [[Wołucza]].{{sfn|Herz|2011|p=144}}

== Literatur ==
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*{{cite book |last1=Herz |first1=Lechosław |title=Bolimowski Park Krajobrazowy: Puszcza Bolimowska, Puszcza Wiskicka, Dolina Rawki, Nieborów, Skierniewice, Żyrardów: przewodnik |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=B2AzLr5ci3AC&pg=PA144 |publisher=Oficyna Wydawnicza "Rewasz" |location=Pruszków, Poland |year=2011 |language=polnisch |trans-title=Bolimów Landscape Park: Bolimowska Forest, Wiskicka Forest, Rawka Valley, Nieborów, Skierniewice, and Żyrardów: Guide |isbn=978-83-62460-07-6}}
*{{cite book |last1=Konarski |first1=Stanisław |editor1-last=Rostworowski |editor1-first=Emanuel |title=Polski Słownik Biograficzny |date=1965 |volume=11: Jaroslaw—Kaplinski Seweryn |publisher=Zakład Narodowy im. Ossolińskich |location=Wrocław, Poland |pages=297–300 |url=http://www.ipsb.nina.gov.pl/a/biografia/jozefa-franciszka-joteykowna |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180225125525/http://www.ipsb.nina.gov.pl/a/biografia/jozefa-franciszka-joteykowna |archive-date=25 February 2018 |language=polnisch |trans-title=Polish Biographical Dictionary |oclc=1014728042 |chapter=Józefa Franciszka Joteykówna}}
*{{cite book |last1=Löwy |first1=Ilana |editor-last1=Jorland |editor-first1=Gérard |editor-last2=Opinel |editor-first2=Annick |editor-last3=Weisz |editor-first3=George |title=Body Counts: Medical Quantification in Historical and Sociological Perspective |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3NsFM3wN5YQC&pg=PA146 |date=2005 |publisher=McGill-Queen’s University Press for Fondation Marcel Mérieux |location=Montréal, Canada |isbn=978-0-7735-2925-0|chapter=8. "Measures, Instruments, Methods, and Results": Jozefa Joteyko on Social Reforms and Physiological Measures |pages=145–172}}
*{{cite journal |last1=Maslić |first1=Ferdinand J. |title=Maria Grzegorzewska |journal=Defektologija |date=1965 |volume=1 |issue=1 |pages=91–93 |url=https://hrcak.srce.hr/file/158024 |accessdate=18 April 2020 |publisher=Fakultet za defektologiju |location=Zagreb |language=sr |issn=0351-1839}} 
*{{cite journal |last1=Siemak-Tylikowska |first1=Alicja |title=Maria Grzegorzewska (1888–1967) |journal=Prospects: The Quarterly Review of Comparative Education |date=1993 |volume=XXIII |issue=3–4 |pages=625–637 |url=http://www.ibe.unesco.org/sites/default/files/grzegore.pdf |accessdate=2019-06-18 |publisher=[[International Bureau of Education]] |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190612045317/http://www.ibe.unesco.org/sites/default/files/grzegore.pdf |archivedate=2019-06-12 |location=Genf |issn=0207-8953}}
*{{cite journal |author=Kasper Sipowicz, Marlena Podlecka, Tadeusz Pietras |title=Maria Grzegorzewska as a moral exemplar for contemporary jouth &#91;sic&#93;: Maria Grzegorzewska jako wzór osobowy dla współczesnej młodzieży |journal=Fides et Ratio |date=May 2019 |volume=1 |issue=37 |pages=268–288 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/333201314 |accessdate=2019-06-25 |publisher=Cardinal Stefan Wyszyński University for the Fundacja Fides et Ratio |location=Warschau |issn=2082-7067}}
*{{cite thesis |last1=Stec |first1=Anna |title="Listy do Młodego Nauczyciela" Marii Grzegorzewskiej wskazówką dla współczesnych pedagogów |url=https://docplayer.pl/22713609-Listy-do-mlodego-nauczyciela-marii-grzegorzewskiej-wskazowka-dla-wspolczesnych-pedagogow.html |date=2014 |type=Master's |publisher=Maria Grzegorzewska Academy of Special Pedagogy |location=Warschau |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180111081409/https://docplayer.pl/22713609-Listy-do-mlodego-nauczyciela-marii-grzegorzewskiej-wskazowka-dla-wspolczesnych-pedagogow.html |archive-date=11 January 2018 |language=polnisch |trans-title="Letters to the Young Teacher" by Maria Grzegorzewska, an Advice for Contemporary Educators |id=album #38714}}
*{{cite magazine |last1=Szot |first1=Wojciech |title=Józefa Joteyko' nie założyła rodziny' |url=http://homiki.pl/index.php/2011/11/jzefa-joteyko-nie-zaoya-rodziny/ |magazine=Homiki Poland |publisher=Open Forum Association |accessdate=2019-06-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130602011917/http://homiki.pl/index.php/2011/11/jzefa-joteyko-nie-zaoya-rodziny/ |archive-date=2 June 2013 |location=Warschau |language=polnisch |issn=1689-7595 |date=28 November 2011 |trans-title=Józefa Joteyko Did Not Start a Family}}
*{{cite web |last1=Zielińska |first1=Jolanta |title=Maria Grzegorzewska i jej interdyscyplinarna wizja Pedagogiki Specjalnej a czasy współczesne |url=https://depot.ceon.pl/bitstream/handle/123456789/9116/Maria%20Grzegorzewska%20i%20jej%20interdyscyplinarna%20wizja%20Pedagogiki%20Specjalnej%20a%20czasy%20wsp%F3%20czesne.pdf |website=depot.ceon.pl |publisher=Instytut Pedagogiki Specjalnej Uniwersytet Pedagogiczny |accessdate=2019-06-22 |archiveurl=https://archive.today/20190622215350/https://depot.ceon.pl/bitstream/handle/123456789/9116/Maria%20Grzegorzewska%20i%20jej%20interdyscyplinarna%20wizja%20Pedagogiki%20Specjalnej%20a%20czasy%20wsp%F3%20czesne.pdf?sequence=1 |archivedate=2019-06-22 |location=Krakau |language=polnisch |date=2013 |trans-title=Maria Grzegorzewska and Her Interdisciplinary Vision of Special Education and Modern Times}}
*{{cite web |author= |title=Akademia Pedagogiki Specjalnej im. Marii Grzegorzewskiej jest najstarszą uczelnią o profilu pedagogicznym w Polsce |url=http://www.aps.edu.pl/uczelnia/ |website=APS.edu.pl |publisher=Akademia Pedagogiki Specjalnej im. Marii Grzegorzewskiej |accessdate=2019-06-24 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20190625193017/http://www.aps.edu.pl/uczelnia/ |archive-date=2019-06-25 |location=Warschau |language=polnisch |date=2019-01-04 |trans-title=Maria Grzegorzewska Academy of Special Pedagogy Is the Oldest University with a Pedagogical Profile in Poland}}
*{{cite web |author= |title=Cmentarz Stare Powązki: Maria Grzegorzewska |url=https://cmentarze.um.warszawa.pl/pomnik.aspx?pom_id=3873 |website=cmentarze.um.warszawa.pl |publisher=Warsaw Tombstone Monuments |accessdate=2019-06-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190408213913/https://cmentarze.um.warszawa.pl/pomnik.aspx?pom_id=3873 |archive-date=2019-04-08 |location=Warschau |language=polnisch |date=2009 |trans-title=Old Powązki Cemetery: Maria Grzegorzewska}}
*{{cite web |author= |title=Grzegorzewska Maria |url=https://encyklopedia.pwn.pl/haslo/Grzegorzewska-Maria;3908494.html |website=encyklopedia.pwn.pl |publisher=Wydawnictwo Naukowe PWN |accessdate2019-06-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190622173159/https://encyklopedia.pwn.pl/haslo/Grzegorzewska-Maria;3908494.html |archive-date=2019-06-22 |location=Warschau |language=polnisch |date=1997}}
*{{cite web |author= |title=In 2022 The Maria Grzegorzewska University Celebrates Its 100-year Anniversary! |url=http://www.aps.edu.pl/news/in-2022-the-maria-grzegorzewska-university-celebrates-its-100-year-anniversary/ |website=aps.org |accessdate=10 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220110141824/http://www.aps.edu.pl/news/in-2022-the-maria-grzegorzewska-university-celebrates-its-100-year-anniversary/ |archive-date=10 January 2022 |publisher=Maria Grzegorzewska University |location=Warschau |date=2022-01-03 |url-status=live}}
*{{cite web |ref={{harvid|Jewish Virtual Library|1998}} |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |title=Jewish Resistance: Konrad Żegota Committee |url=https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/the-379-egota |accessdate=23 June 2019 |website=Jewish Virtual Library |publisher=American–Israeli Cooperative Enterprise |date=1998 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190620195054/https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/the-379-egota |archive-date=20 June 2019 |location=Chevy Chase, Maryland}}
*{{cite web |ref={{harvid|Poznań City Hall|1998}} |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |title=Poznański Serwis Oświatowy – Zespół Szkół Specjalnych nr 103 im. Marii Grzegorzewskiej |date=1998 |url=http://www.poznan.pl/mim/oswiata/zespoly-szkol-specjalnych,poi,4125/-,49826.html |website=Poznan.pl |publisher=Urząd Miasta Poznania |location=Poznań, Poland |archive-url=https://archive.today/20190625182722/http://www.poznan.pl/mim/oswiata/zespoly-szkol-specjalnych,poi,4125/-,49826.html |archive-date=25 June 2019 |language=polnisch |accessdate=24 June 2019 |trans-title=Poznań Educational Portal – Special School No. 103 "Maria Grzegorzewska"}} 

== Einzelnachweise ==
<references />

<nowiki>{{Authority control}}</nowiki>

{{commonscat|Maria Grzegorzewska}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Grzegorzewska, Maria}}<nowiki>
[[Category:1888 births]]
[[Category:1967 deaths]]
[[Category:20th-century Polish educators]]
[[Category:Jagiellonian University alumni]]
[[Category:University of Paris alumni]]
[[Category:Polish people who rescued Jews during the Holocaust]]
[[Category:Special educators]]
[[Category:Burials at Powązki Cemetery]]
[[Category:University of Warsaw faculty]]
[[Category:Polish disability rights activists]]
[[Category:20th-century women educators]]
</nowiki>