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Maria Grzegorzewska (*18 April 1888,†7 Mai 1967) war eine polnische Pädagogin, welche die Sonderpädagogik-Bewegung in Polen etablierte. Sie stammte aus einer Familie aus der Żmudź-Region und wurde stark vom Glauben ihrer Eltern an den Humanismus geprägt. Nach dem Besuch der Geheimschule, wo sie ihre Grundausbildung von polnischen statt russischen Lehrern erhielt, erwarb sie in Litauen ihre Lehrbefähigung. Sie setzte ihre Ausbildung an der Jagiellonen-Universität in Krakau fort und schloss sich 1913 ihrer Kollegin Józefa Joteyko in Brüssel an, um an der Internationalen Pädologischen Fakultät zu studieren. Als ihr Studium in Belgien durch den Erster Weltkrieg unterbrochen wurde, machte sich Grzegorzewska auf den Weg nach Paris und promovierte 1916 an der Sorbonne.
After the establishment of the Second Polish Republic in 1918, Grzegorzewska returned to Poland intent upon creating programs which addressed the needs of disabled children and introducing educational reforms to improve their lives. In 1919, she began working for the Ministry of Religious Affairs and Public Education, establishing facilities for the care of disabled children, schools for special education, and training programs for teachers. Using her own methodology, she designed curriculum which in 1922 was implemented at the newly founded State Institute of Special Education (polnisch Państwowy Instytut Pedagogiki Specjalnej). She directed this institute from its founding until her death.
During World War II, Grzegorzewska worked as a nurse, was active in the Polish resistance movement, and taught in Warsaw. She joined Żegota and provided assistance to Jews. When Poland was liberated in 1945, Grzegorzewska reactivated the Special Education Institute and within five years introduced graduate and extramural courses to the curricula. In 1950, during the implementation of Stalinist doctrine in Poland, the school was renamed the State College of Special Education (polnisch Państwowe Studium Pedagogiki Specjalnej) and a state curricula was introduced. She struggled against the state program, wanting to protect special education and people with disabilities. After the 1956 thaw, the institute regained governmental support and reverted to its initial name. Between 1957 and 1960, was a full professor at the University of Warsaw. Her work in science and for the Polish education system were honored with numerous awards and distinctions.
Early life
Maria Stefania Grzegorzewska was born on 18 April 1888 in Wołucza, a village in the Kingdom of Poland of the Russian Empire to Felicja (née Bogdanowicz) and Adolf Grzegorzewski.Vorlage:SfnVorlage:Sfn Both of her parents were from Żmudź, a region in modern-day Lithuania, and had moved to Wołucza, where they leased an estate. Her father served as the estate administrator and also oversaw neighboring farms, advocating for modernization of agricultural practices and humane treatment of workers.Vorlage:Sfn Her mother was involved in social projects to help local villagers and provided medical care in their community.Vorlage:Sfn The youngest of six siblings,Vorlage:SfnVorlage:Sfn including Zenon, Wanda, Helena, Witold and Władysław,Vorlage:Sfn Grzegorzewska was influenced by her parents' sense of duty to their community.Vorlage:SfnVorlage:Sfn From a young age, she developed a sense of social responsibility.Vorlage:Sfn
In 1900, when Grzegorzewska began her education in Poland, Russification programs caused many parents to send their children to clandestine private schools so that they could study Polish culture and language.Vorlage:Sfn She studied at a boarding school in Warsaw operated by Mrs. Kotwicki for four years and then entered Paulina Hewelke's school, completing an additional three years of schooling before graduating in 1907.Vorlage:SfnVorlage:Sfn She immediately entered a one-year, university preparatory course led by Ludwik Krzywicki from the Department of Mathematics and Natural Sciences at the University of Warsaw.Vorlage:SfnVorlage:Sfn During her studies, she met and became involved with a group of social activists which included Vorlage:Ill, Vorlage:Ill, and Stefania Sempołowska.Vorlage:SfnVorlage:Sfn Participating in the socialist youth underground and providing education for workers brought her to the attention of the tsarist police, forcing Grzegorzewska to flee to Lithuania.Vorlage:SfnVorlage:Sfn In Lithuania, she earned a diploma as a private teacher and took in students in their homes to earn money to enter university.Vorlage:Sfn
In 1909, Grzegorzewska began her studies at the Jagiellonian University in Kraków, simultaneously working as a tutor, lecturing at the Adam Mickiewicz People's University, and performing odd jobs, such as gluing envelopes.Vorlage:SfnVorlage:Sfn For two years, she studied and worked in Kraków, but a lack of proper nutrition and sleep impacted her health. Suffering from a lung disease, Grzegorzewska left school to seek treatment in Zakopane,Vorlage:Sfn where her fiancé Czesław had been to treat his tuberculosis. Czesław died after a few months, sending Grzegorzewska into a depression.Vorlage:SfnVorlage:Sfn Staying at the Villa Osobita, she met Władysław Heinrich, who told her of the work being done in paedology by her countrywoman, Józefa Joteyko in Belgium.Vorlage:Sfn She began a correspondence with Joteyko and after a trip to Italy with her family returned to Zakopane, where she tutored to earn enough money to continue her studies in Brussels.Vorlage:SfnVorlage:Sfn
Life abroad
In 1913, Grzegorzewska arrived at the International Paedological Faculty of Brussels and began studying with Joteyko. Taking courses in pedagogy, psychology, and sociology, she began to meet eminent scholars and scientists, like Édouard Claparède, Émile Jaques-Dalcroze, and Ovide Decroly, among others, who influenced her development.Vorlage:Sfn Though the faculty of the school was a mix of international scientists, she shared lodging with Polish students Józefa Berggruen, Stefania Chmielakówna and Wanda Wosińska.Vorlage:Sfn As part of her research, Grzegorzewska began a study in the public schools in Brussels on children's aesthetical development.Vorlage:Sfn Initially, Grzegorzewska was drawn to the broad range of Joteyko's knowledge and her empathy toward children and the poor. As their relationship evolved, they became companions in both their professional and private lives.Vorlage:Sfn In 1914, Grzegorzewska returned to Poland on a vacation to see her family and was there at the start of World War I. Traveling on a war ship through the mined North Sea, she rejoined Joteyko in London in 1915.Vorlage:SfnVorlage:Sfn After a short stay, the two migrated to Paris, where Joteyko began teaching at the Collège de France and Grzegorzewska enrolled at the Sorbonne.Vorlage:Sfn
Continuing her interest in aesthetics, Grzegorzewska compiled her research from Belgium into a thesis Study on the Development of Aesthetic Feelings – Research in the Field of Experimental Aesthetics Conducted among Students of Brussels Schools (polnisch Studium na temat rozwoju uczuć estetycznych – badania z zakresu estetyki eksperymentalnej przeprowadzone wśród uczniów szkół brukselskich), earning her PhD in 1916.Vorlage:SfnVorlage:Sfn While she was working on her dissertation, Grzegorzewska took part in a field trip to the Bicêtre Hospital, a psychiatric facility which treated people with severe intellectual disabilities.Vorlage:SfnVorlage:Sfn The excursion had a profound effect on her and she determined that her life's work would be involved with providing equal access and education to people with disabilities.Vorlage:SfnVorlage:Sfn She began working in a school for intellectually disabled students in Paris and created a method, based on her training and experience, to work with pupils.Vorlage:SfnVorlage:Sfn In 1918, she and Joteyko founded the Polish Teaching League (französisch Ligue Polonaise d'Enseignement, polnisch Polska Liga Nauczania) in Paris with the purpose of helping exiled Poles involved in the independence movement gather materials on education and teaching methodology.Vorlage:Sfn They planned to use the materials to help develop a modern school system once Poland regained its independence. Grzegorzewska wrote an article for the League, On the Need to Organize Special Education for Abnormal Children in Poland (polnisch O konieczności zorganizowania specjalnego szkolnictwa dla dzieci anormalnych w Polsce).Vorlage:Sfn
Return to Poland
In May 1919, Grzegorzewska and Joteyko returned to Poland, soon after the establishment of the Second Polish Republic.Vorlage:SfnVorlage:Sfn After a few months began working as an assistant in the Ministry of Religious Affairs and Public Education. She was tasked with managing the development of special education for schools, institutions and educators.Vorlage:SfnVorlage:Sfn At the time, the only special education facilities in the country consisted of bureaus for the blind in Bydgoszcz and Lviv, a bureau for the deaf in Warsaw, and supplementary schools to assist with support services in Warsaw and Lodz.Vorlage:Sfn As Joteyko had been denied placement at the University of Warsaw,Vorlage:SfnVorlage:Sfn Grzegorzewska helped her find work as a lecturer at the National Pedagogical Institute (polnisch Państwowy Instytut Pedagogiczny) and Vorlage:Ill (polnisch Instytut Głuchoniemych w Warszawie)in Warsaw.Vorlage:SfnVorlage:Sfn Though at the time in Poland, there were limited facilities which had been established for deaf, blind, and intellectually disabled people, there was no national system to address the education of those living with physical or mental impairments. Grzegorzewska aimed to implement educational methods she designed, mandatory training for teachers, and on-going research projects to assess the system over time.Vorlage:Sfn Her educational method adopted a holistic approach which included addressing care, barriers to everyday functioning, and the education of disabled people, but also their social integration and socio-professional development.Vorlage:Sfn It approached evaluating chronically ill, disabled, or socially maladjusted children from an interdisciplinary, scientific stance, rather than focusing on their perceived defects.Vorlage:SfnVorlage:Sfn
After a three-year period, in which she reorganized her teaching course several times, Grzegorzewska founded the Vorlage:Ill (polnisch Państwowy Instytut Pedagogiki Specjalnej) in 1922.Vorlage:SfnVorlage:SfnVorlage:Sfn She served as the director of the Institute from its inception until her death.Vorlage:Sfn In 1924, she founded the journal, Special School (polnisch Szkoła specjalna) to publish about the field and spur scientific work to develop "innovative methods of revalidation" for maladjusted and disabled children, which she directed to the end of her life.Vorlage:SfnVorlage:Sfn When Joteyko's heart condition became worse in 1927, Grzegorzewska took charge of her care until her death the following year.Vorlage:SfnVorlage:Sfn In 1930 founded and directed the State Teacher's Institute (polnisch Państwowy Instytut Nauczycielski), to give educators a facility for improving their skills through further education and training on teaching techniques.Vorlage:SfnVorlage:Sfn She was dismissed from the Teacher's Institute in 1935 because she opposed the authoritarian rule advocated by the Sanacja movement.Vorlage:Sfn In 1927 she published a book, Psychological Structure of Visual and Tactile Reading (polnisch Struktura psychiczna czytania wzrokowego i dotykowego).Vorlage:Sfn She participated in many conferences, including the 4th Congress of the International New Education League held in 1927 in Locarno, Switzerland; the 2nd Congress of Teachers of Special Schools hosted in 1934; and the 1st National Children's Congress of 1938.Vorlage:Sfn
With the onset of World War II in 1939, the Special Education Institute was closed, and Grzegorzewska began working as a nurse in an army hospital run by the Polish Red Cross.Vorlage:SfnVorlage:Sfn Between 1939 and 1944, she taught at Special School No. 177 in Warsaw and participated in the clandestine educational system.Vorlage:Sfn Active in the Polish resistance movement, she distributed arms and pamphlets; joined Żegota, providing "meritorious" assistance to Jews; and took part in hiding Jews to save their lives.Vorlage:SfnVorlage:Sfn She served as a member of Ochota's health patrol during the Warsaw Uprising. During the uprising, her house was destroyed, and in it, unpublished manuscripts of two of her books, second volume of Psychology of the Deaf (polnisch Psychologia niewidomych), first volume published in 1930) and Teacher's Personality (polnisch Osobowość nauczyciela).Vorlage:Sfn After Poland was liberated in 1945, Grzegorzewska reactivated the Special Education Institute, which had been destroyed during the conflict. Recognizing that 30% of the teachers had died in the war, she initiated programs to help train new teachers quickly. The Polish Teachers' Union was reestablished and she began research to evaluate existing educational programs, teachers' socio-economic status, and the role of schools in their communities, among other topics.Vorlage:Sfn
In 1947, Grzegorzewska published the first volume of her magnum opus Letters to a Young Teacher (polnisch Listy do młodego nauczyciela) in which she set forth her thoughts on the relationship of teachers to their students and the impact that educators have on a pupil's development.Vorlage:SfnVorlage:SfnVorlage:Sfn In the book, she discussed solutions to improve the lives of people with disabilities by overcoming their functional limitations, including their living conditions. She stressed that lessons should be grounded in flexible activity, which met the abilities of students and stimulated their learning. She noted the importance of adequate breaks to prevent overstimulation.Vorlage:Sfn Creating a detailed classification system, she advocated that the spectrum of disabilities was extremely broad and required teachers to individualize training to meet students' needs.Vorlage:Sfn She chose the title to convey that the information in the book was a dialogue, intended to generate reflection and inspiration, as well as feedback from teachers.Vorlage:Sfn The entire work contained 24 letters, published in 3 volumes, between 1947 and 1961. The first volume along with practical advice, focused on building community among teachers, encouraging them to help each other.Vorlage:Sfn Other letters gave historic information on innovators in education, and still others discussed humanitarian and ethical values as the keys to self-knowledge and coping mechanisms for change, which could in turn motivate and inspire others. She was less interested in structure of materials and more focused upon providing assistance which recognized the dignity and right to equality of all life.Vorlage:SfnVorlage:Sfn The volumes were influential in the international development of thought on education in general, as well as special education.Vorlage:SfnVorlage:Sfn
In 1950, Grzegorzewska introduced extramural and postgraduate courses at the Institute of Special Education, but in March, the school was renamed the State College of Special Education (polnisch Państwowe Studium Pedagogiki Specjalnej) and a state curricula was introduced.Vorlage:Sfn During the remainder of the Stalinist period, her activities were "received coldly" by those in power in the Polish People's Republic,Vorlage:Sfn as the official position was that people with disabilities needed no special consideration. Teachers who were judged to be insufficiently Marxist were dismissed or demoted and teacher training was eliminated.Vorlage:Sfn She fought to protect special education and people with disabilities to prevent them from being harmed by production quotas and policies based on fear and suspicion.Vorlage:Sfn putting her job in jeopardy.Vorlage:Sfn When the 1956 thaw granted the Polish government greater autonomy from Russian policies, she regained the support of authorities and the name of the Institute was reestablished.Vorlage:SfnVorlage:Sfn From 1957 to 1960 she was a full professor at the University of Warsaw and the chair of the first Polish Department of Special Pedagogy.Vorlage:Sfn She introduced tertiary courses in special education for the University of Warsaw.Vorlage:Sfn Her later major works include Analysis of Compensation Occurrences among the Deaf and Mute (polnisch Analiza zjawisk kompensacji u głuchych i niewidomych, 1959) and Selection of Works (polnisch Wybór pism, 1964).Vorlage:Sfn Her work in science and the Polish education system were honored with numerous awards and distinctions at the end of her life.Vorlage:Sfn
Death and legacy
Grzegorzewska died from a heart attack on 7 May 1967 at her home in Vorlage:Ill, a former town, which has been incorporated into the present city of Piaseczno, near Warsaw.Vorlage:Sfn She was buried in the Powązki Cemetery on the "Avenue of the Meritorious".Vorlage:Sfn She is remembered as the founder of the system of special education in Poland, as well as one of the people who advocated for the name of the field.Vorlage:Sfn Her approach of using special education to give to disabled or maladjusted children training to allow them to adapt to society and overcome the limitations of their mental and physical health marked a shift in the evolution of educational thought from treating the disability to recognizing the needs of the person.Vorlage:Sfn Jerzy Zawieyski based his novel The Way Home (polnisch Droga do domu) on the relationship of Grzegorzewska and Czesław.Vorlage:SfnVorlage:Sfn
Grzegorzewska's work was known in other countries of the Eastern Bloc, like Yugoslavia, through translations and correspondence with others working in the field of disability from the 1930s. Contact with Vorlage:Ill, who founded the first institution for the disabled in Serbia, led to students such as Božidar Karličić, Petar Meandžija, Desimir Ristović, and Ljubica Vucelić graduating from the programs of the State Institute of Special Education.Vorlage:Sfn A special education school in the city of Poznań, the Maria Grzegorzewska Special School Complex No. 103 (polnisch Zespół Szkół Specjalnych nr 103 im. Marii Grzegorzewskiej), was named in her honor in 1972.Vorlage:Sfn In 1976 the State Institute of Special Education in Warsaw which she had founded was named after her; it is now known as the Maria Grzegorzewska University (sometimes translated as the Maria Grzegorzewska Academy of Special Pedagogy (polnisch Akademia Pedagogiki Specjalnej im. Marii Grzegorzewskiej).Vorlage:SfnVorlage:Sfn There are two monuments dedicated to her; one near the school in PoznańVorlage:Sfn and another one in Kurzeszyn, near Grzegorzewska's birthplace of Wołucza.Vorlage:Sfn
Literatur
- Aneta Bołdyrew: Merited, (Un)Appreciated, (Un)Remembered: Women in Educational and Social Policy Sciences as a Scholarly Discipline in Poland, 1900–39. In: Historical Institute of the Polish Academy of Sciences (Hrsg.): Acta Poloniae Historica. 117, Warschau, 2018, ISSN 0001-6829, S. 95–129. doi:10.12775/APH.2018.117.04. Abgerufen am 19. Juni 2019.
- Małgorzata Bucior: Maria Grzegorzewska - kreatorka pedagogiki specjalnej w Polsce (polnisch) In: Edukacja.edux.pl . Teacher Publications Portal. 2013. Archiviert vom Original am 18 October 2018.
- Paweł Cieliczko: Kobiety na cokołach: Pomnik Marii Grzegorzewskiej (polnisch) In: Fundacja Kochania Poznania . 12 September 2018. Archiviert vom Original am 25 June 2019. Abgerufen im 24 June 2019.
- Danuta Grzybowska: Letter as a Form of Inspiration to Self-Education (For Teachers) Based on Letters to a Young Teacher by Maria Grzegorzewska. In: Образование через всю жизнь: непрерывное образование в интересах устойчивого развития, Special English. Auflage, Band 7, Pushkin Leningrad State University, Pushkin, Saint Petersburg, Russia 2009, ISBN 978-5-829-00821-5, S. 354–357.
- Danuta Grzybowska, Romuald Grzybowski: The Changing Approaches towards Educating Teachers for Mentally Disabled Children in Poland after World War II. In: Teacher Training and the Educational System in Poland: Some Notes. Linkoping University, Linköping 1994, ISBN 91-7871-442-7, S. 110–118.
- Lechosław Herz: Bolimowski Park Krajobrazowy: Puszcza Bolimowska, Puszcza Wiskicka, Dolina Rawki, Nieborów, Skierniewice, Żyrardów: przewodnik (polnisch). Oficyna Wydawnicza "Rewasz", Pruszków, Poland 2011, ISBN 978-83-62460-07-6.
- Stanisław Konarski: Józefa Franciszka Joteykówna. In: Polski Słownik Biograficzny (polnisch), Band 11: Jaroslaw—Kaplinski Seweryn. Zakład Narodowy im. Ossolińskich, Wrocław, Poland 1965, S. 297–300, OCLC 1014728042. Archiviert vom Original am 25 February 2018.
- Ilana Löwy: 8. "Measures, Instruments, Methods, and Results": Jozefa Joteyko on Social Reforms and Physiological Measures. In: Gérard Jorland, Annick Opinel, George Weisz (Hrsg.): Body Counts: Medical Quantification in Historical and Sociological Perspective. McGill-Queen’s University Press for Fondation Marcel Mérieux, Montréal, Canada 2005, ISBN 978-0-7735-2925-0, S. 145–172.
- Ferdinand J. Maslić: Maria Grzegorzewska. In: Fakultet za defektologiju (Hrsg.): Defektologija. 1, Nr. 1, Zagreb, 1965, ISSN 0351-1839, S. 91–93. Abgerufen im 18 April 2020.
- Alicja Siemak-Tylikowska: Maria Grzegorzewska (1888–1967) Archiviert vom Original am 12. Juni 2019. In: International Bureau of Education (Hrsg.): Prospects: The Quarterly Review of Comparative Education. XXIII, Nr. 3–4, Genf, 1993, ISSN 0207-8953, S. 625–637. Abgerufen am 18. Juni 2019.
- Kasper Sipowicz, Marlena Podlecka, Tadeusz Pietras: Maria Grzegorzewska as a moral exemplar for contemporary jouth [sic]: Maria Grzegorzewska jako wzór osobowy dla współczesnej młodzieży. In: Cardinal Stefan Wyszyński University for the Fundacja Fides et Ratio (Hrsg.): Fides et Ratio. 1, Nr. 37, Warschau, May 2019, ISSN 2082-7067, S. 268–288. Abgerufen am 25. Juni 2019.
- Vorlage:Cite thesis
- Vorlage:Cite magazine
- Jolanta Zielińska: Maria Grzegorzewska i jej interdyscyplinarna wizja Pedagogiki Specjalnej a czasy współczesne (polnisch) In: depot.ceon.pl . Instytut Pedagogiki Specjalnej Uniwersytet Pedagogiczny. 2013. Archiviert vom Original am 22. Juni 2019. Abgerufen am 22. Juni 2019.
- Akademia Pedagogiki Specjalnej im. Marii Grzegorzewskiej jest najstarszą uczelnią o profilu pedagogicznym w Polsce (polnisch) In: APS.edu.pl . Akademia Pedagogiki Specjalnej im. Marii Grzegorzewskiej. 4. Januar 2019. Archiviert vom Original am 25. Juni 2019. Abgerufen am 24. Juni 2019.
- Cmentarz Stare Powązki: Maria Grzegorzewska (polnisch) In: cmentarze.um.warszawa.pl . Warsaw Tombstone Monuments. 2009. Archiviert vom Original am 8. April 2019. Abgerufen am 23. Juni 2019.
- Grzegorzewska Maria (polnisch) In: encyklopedia.pwn.pl . Wydawnictwo Naukowe PWN. 1997. Archiviert vom Original am 22. Juni 2019.
- In 2022 The Maria Grzegorzewska University Celebrates Its 100-year Anniversary!. In: aps.org . Maria Grzegorzewska University. 3. Januar 2022. Archiviert vom Original am 10 January 2022. Abgerufen im 10 January 2022.
- Jewish Resistance: Konrad Żegota Committee. In: Jewish Virtual Library . American–Israeli Cooperative Enterprise. 1998. Archiviert vom Original am 20 June 2019. Abgerufen im 23 June 2019.
- Poznański Serwis Oświatowy – Zespół Szkół Specjalnych nr 103 im. Marii Grzegorzewskiej (polnisch) In: Poznan.pl . Urząd Miasta Poznania. 1998. Archiviert vom Original am 25 June 2019. Abgerufen im 24 June 2019.
Einzelnachweise
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[[Category:1888 births]] [[Category:1967 deaths]] [[Category:20th-century Polish educators]] [[Category:Jagiellonian University alumni]] [[Category:University of Paris alumni]] [[Category:Polish people who rescued Jews during the Holocaust]] [[Category:Special educators]] [[Category:Burials at Powązki Cemetery]] [[Category:University of Warsaw faculty]] [[Category:Polish disability rights activists]] [[Category:20th-century women educators]]
