Quelltext der Seite Benutzer:Ericskaliks/Sagittaria latifolia

{{Importartikel}}
{{Short description|Species of aquatic plant}}
{{Speciesbox
|image = Sagittaria latifolia (flowers).jpg
|genus = Sagittaria
|species = latifolia
|authority = [[Carl Ludwig Willdenow|Willd.]]<ref name="Wildflowers">{{cite book| last1=Justice | first1=William S. | last2=Bell | first2=C. Ritchie | last3=Lindsey | first3=Anne H. |title=Wild Flowers of North Carolina|year=2005|publisher=Univ. of North Carolina Press|location=Chapel Hill, NC|isbn=0807855979|page=255|edition=2. printing.}}</ref>
|}}
{{nutritional value | name=Arrowhead, raw
| kJ=414
| protein=5.33 g
| fat=0.29 g
| carbs=20.23 g
| calcium_mg=10
| iron_mg=2.57
| magnesium_mg=51
| phosphorus_mg=174
| potassium_mg=922
| sodium_mg=22
| zinc_mg=0.28
| manganese_mg=0.36
| vitC_mg=1.1
| thiamin_mg=0.17
| riboflavin_mg=0.073
| niacin_mg=1.65
| pantothenic_mg=0.599
| vitB6_mg=0.26
| folate_ug=14
| source_usda = 1
| note=[http://ndb.nal.usda.gov/ndb/search/list?qlookup=11005&format=Full Link to USDA Database entry]
}}

'''''Sagittaria latifolia''''' is a plant found in shallow [[wetland]]s and is sometimes known as '''broadleaf arrowhead''',<ref>{{PLANTS|id=SALA2|taxon=Sagittaria latifolia|accessdate=26 October 2015}}</ref> '''duck-potato''',<ref name=BSBI07>{{BSBI 2007 |access-date=2014-10-17}}</ref> '''Indian potato''', '''Katniss''', or '''wapato'''. This plant produces [[Eating|edible]] [[tuber]]s that have traditionally been extensively used by the [[indigenous peoples of the Americas|Native Americans]] in the lower [[Columbia River]] basin,<ref name= "Freedman1976">{{cite journal |last=Freedman|first=Robert Louis|author-link= |title=Native North American Food Preparation Techniques|journal=Boletín Bibliográfico de Antropología Americana (1973-1979)|publisher=Pan American Institute of Geography and History|volume=38|issue=47 |page=127|date=1976|jstor=43996285|language=en}}, s.v. Swamp Potato (''wappato'') Oregon</ref><ref name="Wildflowers"/> as well as the [[Omaha people|Omaha]]<ref name="BRIT-Omaha">{{cite web | title=Native American Ethnobotany Database | website=[[Botanical Research Institute of Texas]] | url=http://naeb.brit.org/uses/35595/ | access-date=2021-12-09}}</ref> and [[Cherokee]] nations.<ref name= "Freedman1976"/>

==Description==
''Sagittaria latifolia'' is a variably sized ({{Convert|2| to |20| m|ft}} in length) [[Perennial plant|perennial]] growing in colonies that can cover large areas of ground. The [[root]]s are white and thin, producing white [[tuber]]s covered with a [[purple|purplish]] skin a good distance ({{Convert|0.3|to|1| m|in}} long, {{Convert|0.15|to|0.6|m|in}} deep) from the mother plant. It is green and white. The plant produces [[Rosette (botany)|rosettes]] of [[leaf|leaves]] and an [[inflorescence]] on a long rigid [[Scape (botany)|scape]]. The leaves are extremely variable, from very thin at 1 to 2&nbsp;cm to wedge-shaped like those of ''[[Sagittaria cuneata]]''. Spongy and solid, the leaves have [[Parallel (geometry)|parallel]] [[Leaf#Venation (arrangement of the veins)|venation]] meeting in the middle and the extremities. The inflorescence is a [[raceme]] composed of large flowers [[Leaf#Arrangement on the stem|whorled]] by threes. Usually divided into female [[flower]]s on the lower part and male on the upper, although [[Plant sexuality|dioecious]] individuals are also found. Three round, white [[petal]]s and three very short curved, dark green [[sepal]]s. Male flowers are easily distinguished from female due to the dissimilarity between the 25 to 50 yellow [[stamen]]s of the male and the sphere of green [[carpel]]s of the female ones.<ref>CONABIO. 2009. Catálogo taxonómico de especies de México. 1. In Capital Nat. México. CONABIO, Mexico City.</ref><ref>Godfrey, R. K. & J. W. Wooten. 1979. Aquatic and Wetland Plants of Southeastern United States Monocotyledons 1–712. The University of Georgia Press, Athens.</ref><ref>Haynes, R. R. 1993. Alismataceae. 13: 7–20. In R. McVaugh (ed.) Flora Novo-Galiciana. The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor.</ref><ref>Hickman, J. C. 1993. The Jepson Manual: Higher Plants of California 1–1400. University of California Press, Berkeley.</ref><ref>Long, R. W. & O. K. Lakela. 1971. Flora of Tropical Florida i–xvii, 1–962. University of Miami Press, Coral Cables.</ref><ref>Moss, E. H. 1983. Flora of Alberta (ed. 2) i–xii, 1–687. University of Toronto Press, Toronto.</ref><ref>Radford, A. E., H. E. Ahles & C. R. Bell. 1968. Manual of the Vascular Flora of the Carolinas i–lxi, 1–1183. University of North Carolina Press, Chapel Hill.</ref><ref>Voss, E. G. 1972. Gymnosperms and Monocots. i–xv, 1–488. In Michigan Flora. Cranbrook Institute of Science, Bloomfield Hills, Michigan.</ref>

The name of [[Shubenacadie, Nova Scotia|Shubenacadie]], a community located in central [[Nova Scotia]], [[Canada]], means "abounding in ground nuts" (i.e., broadleaf arrowhead) in the [[Mi'kmaq language]].{{Cn|date=May 2021}}

==Distribution==
''Sagittaria latifolia'' is native to southern Canada and most of the contiguous United States, as well as [[Mexico]], [[Central America]], [[Colombia]], [[Venezuela]], [[Ecuador]], and [[Cuba]]. It is also naturalized in [[Hawaii]], [[Puerto Rico]], [[Bhutan]], [[Australia]] and much of Europe ([[France]], [[Spain]], [[Italy]], [[Romania]], [[Germany]], [[Switzerland]], the [[Czech Republic]], and [[European Russia]]).<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://apps.kew.org/wcsp/namedetail.do?name_id=287247|title=World Checklist of Selected Plant Families: Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew|website=apps.kew.org|language=en-GB|access-date=2017-01-30}}</ref> In Mexico, it is reported from [[Campeche]], [[Nayarit]], [[Tabasco]], [[Tamaulipas]], [[Puebla]], [[Jalisco]], [[Durango]], [[Tlaxcala]], [[Estado de México]], [[Veracruz]] and [[Michoacán]].<ref>Zepeda Gómez, Carmen, Lot, Antonio. Distribución y uso tradicional de ''Sagittaria macrophylla'' Zucc. y ''S. latifolia'' Willd. en el Estado de MéxicoCiencia Ergo Sum [online] 2005, 12</ref>

==Ecology==
Extremely frequent as an [[emergent plant]], broadleaf arrowhead forms dense colonies on very wet [[soil]]s that become more open as the species mixes with other species of deeper water levels. These colonies form long bands following the curves of [[river]]s, [[pond]]s and [[lake]]s, well-marked by the dark green color of the leaves. The plant has strong roots and can survive through wide [[Statistical dispersion|variation]]s of the water level, slow [[current (stream)|current]]s and [[wave]]s. It displays an [[Chemical affinity|affinity]] for high levels of [[phosphate]]s and [[hard water]]s.

Despite the name "duck potato", [[duck]]s rarely consume the tubers, which are usually buried too deep for them to reach, although they often eat the [[seed]]s. [[Beaver]]s, [[North American Porcupine]]s, and [[muskrat]]s eat the whole plant, tubers included. Native Americans are alleged to have opened muskrat houses to obtain their collection of roots.<ref name=Audubon>{{cite book |last1=Niering |first1=William A. |author-link1=William Niering| last2=Olmstead |first2=Nancy C. |title=The Audubon Society Field Guide to North American Wildflowers, Eastern Region |year=1985 |orig-year=1979|publisher=Knopf |isbn=0-394-50432-1 |page=318}}</ref>

==Cultivation==
This plant is easily cultivated in {{Convert|0.15| to|0.45|m|in}} of water with no or little current. The tubers are planted well spaced (no more than 12 plants per square meter) at the end of May at a depth of {{Convert|5|to|7|cm|in}}. [[Fertilize]] with decomposed [[manure]]. They can be multiplied through [[seed]]ing or division in July. The starchy tubers, produced by rhizomes beneath the wet ground surface, have long been an important food source to the [[indigenous peoples of the Americas]], along with those of ''[[Sagittaria cuneata]]''.<ref name=Audubon/> The tubers can be detached from the ground in various ways: with the feet, a [[pitchfork]], or a stick, and after digging up, the tubers usually float to the surface. Ripe tubers can be collected in the [[autumn|fall]], and are also often found then floating freely.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.ipni.org/ipni/plantNameByVersion.do?id=58518-1&version=1.1.2.1&show_history=true&back_page=%2Fipni%2FeditSimplePlantNameSearch.do%3Ffind_wholeName%3DSagittaria%2Blatifolia%26output_format%3Dnormal | title = 58518-1 | access-date = 2007-07-21 | date = 2004-07-14 | publisher = IPNI | quote = Alismataceae Sagittaria latifolia Willd. Sp. Pl. iv. 409.}}</ref>

These tubers can be eaten [[cooking|raw]] or cooked for 15 to 20 minutes. The taste is similar to [[potato]]es and [[chestnut]]s, and they can be prepared in the same fashions: [[roasting]], [[frying]], [[boiling]], and so on. They can also be [[cutting|slice]]d and [[Drying (food)|dried]] to prepare a [[flour]].<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.pfaf.org/database/plants.php?Sagittaria+latifolia | title = ''Sagittaria latifolia'' - Willd. Duck Potato | access-date = 2007-07-20 |date= June 2004 | work = Edible and medicinal plant database | publisher = Plants For A Future | quote = Excellent when roasted, the texture is somewhat like potatoes with a taste like sweet chestnuts }}</ref>

Other edible parts include late summer [[bud]]s and [[fruit]]s. This plant is vulnerable to aphids and spider mites.{{Cn|date=May 2021}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}
* {{cite book | author=Blanchan, Neltje | title=[[Wild Flowers Worth Knowing]] | year=2005 | publisher=[[Project Gutenberg|Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation]] | author-link=Neltje Blanchan}}

==External links==
* {{cite book |title=Wapato (Sagitaria latifolia) In Katzie Traditional Territory, Pitt Meadows, British Columbia |url=http://summit.sfu.ca/item/10323 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120320000718/http://summit.sfu.ca/item/10323  |archive-date=2012-03-20 |url-status=dead |last=Spurgeon |first=Terrence |year=2001 |access-date=2012-03-19}}
* [http://www.spokesmanreview.com/blogs/video/archive.asp?mon=Oct2005 Coeur d'Alene Tribe’s annual Water Potato Days Festival video]
* [http://www.cdatribe-nsn.gov/Langsite/WaterPotatoeDays.aspx Water Potato Day], Coeur d'Alene Tribe

{{Taxonbar|from=Q2706066}}

<nowiki>[[Category:Sagittaria|latifolia]]
[[Category:Root vegetables]]
[[Category:Flora of the United States]]
[[Category:Flora of Canada]]
[[Category:Flora of Europe]]
[[Category:Flora of Hawaii]]
[[Category:Flora of Puerto Rico]]
[[Category:Flora of Mexico]]
[[Category:Flora of Cuba]]
[[Category:Flora of Central America]]
[[Category:Flora of Colombia]]
[[Category:Flora of Ecuador]]
[[Category:Flora of Venezuela]]
[[Category:Flora of Campeche]]
[[Category:Flora of Nayarit]]
[[Category:Flora of Tabasco]]
[[Category:Flora of Tamaulipas]]
[[Category:Flora of Puebla]]
[[Category:Flora of Jalisco]]
[[Category:Flora of Durango]]
[[Category:Flora of Tlaxcala]]
[[Category:Flora of Veracruz]]
[[Category:Flora of Michoacán]]
[[Category:Flora of Bhutan]]
[[Category:Freshwater plants]]
[[Category:Plants described in 1805]]</nowiki>