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'''Diese Webseite ist in Überarbeitung auf Grundlage der englischen Wikipedia-Seite''' [[Benutzer:Hcberger]]
([[Benutzer Diskussion:Stilfehler|Diskussion]]) 16:58, 19. Mär. 2012 (CET)

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Attachment Parenting, ein Begriff, der von dem englischen Kinderarzt [[William Sears (Arzt)|William Sears]] geprägt wurde <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.attachmentparenting.org/faq/general.shtml#startap |title=API: FAQ - General Attachment Parenting |accessdate=2007-05-27 |publisher=Attachment Parenting International |archiveurl = http://web.archive.org/web/20070810151939/http://www.attachmentparenting.org/faq/general.shtml#startap <!-- Bot retrieved archive --> |archivedate = 2007-08-10}}</ref>, ist eine Theorie zur Kindererziehung auf Grundlage der [[Bindungstheorie]] in der [[Entwicklungspsychologie]]. Sie besagt, dass eine enge emotionale [[Eltern-Kind-Beziehung]] in der Kindheit eine Voraussetzung für sichere und [[Empathie|empathische]] Beziehungen im Erwachsenenalter ist. Ziel des Attachment Parenting ist es, in der Entwicklung des Kindes die sichere Bindung zu fördern und die unsichere Bindung zu reduzieren. Extremfall der unsicheren Bindung wäre der seltene Fall der fehlenden Bindung im Sinne einer [[Bindungsstörung|reaktive Bindungsstörung]] ([[DSM-IV]] und [[ICD-10]]).

Obwohl es Untersuchungen gibt, die zeigen, dass sich die Bindungssicherheit eines Kindes erhöht, wenn Mütter unterrichtet werden die Bedürfnisse und Signale eines Säuglings besser wahrzunehmen <ref name="meta-analysis by Bakersmans-Kranenburg et al. 2005">{{cite journal |doi=10.1002/imhj.20046 |title=Disorganized infant attachment and preventive interventions: A review and meta-analysis |year=2005 |last1=Bakermans-Kranenburg |first1=Marian J. |last2=Van Ijzendoorn |first2=Marinus H. |last3=Juffer |first3=Femmie |journal=Infant Mental Health Journal |volume=26 |issue=3 |pages=191–216}}</ref>, gibt es bislang keine schlüssigen empirischen Studien zur Wirksamkeit von Sears Attachment Parenting. 

== Geschichte ==
Die Bindungstheorie wurde erstmalig von [[John Bowlby]] formuliert und besagt, dass jeder Säugling den Wunsch nach der Nähe zu einem anderen Menschen hat und sich dann sicher fühlt wenn diese Person anwesend ist. In seiner Theorie der [[Deprivation|Mutterdeprivation (Mutterentbehrung)]] aus dem Jahr 1951 hatte Bowlby zuvor postuliert, das Fehlern der Mutter führe bei Kindern nicht nur zu Depressionen und zu akuten Problemen im Lebensalltag (Sprachentwicklung, Persönlichkeitsstörungen und Jugendkriminalität) sondern auch zur Verringerung der Fähigkeit, im Erwachsenenalter gesunde Beziehungen zu bilden. <ref>Crossman, Pat (2004). [http://www.skepticreport.com/pseudoscience/attachmenttherapy.htm The Etiology of a Social Epidemic] The Skeptic Report: Pseudoscience</ref><ref name="bowlby51">{{cite book|title=Maternal Care and Mental Health|author=Bowlby J|location=Geneva|publisher=World Health Organisation|year=1951}}{{pn}}</ref>

[[Sigmund Freud]] hatte behauptet, dass Bindung eine Konsequenz aus der Notwendigkeit sei die verschiedenen Bedürfnisse zu erfüllen. Laut Bindungstheorie brauchen Kinder eine Bindung an ihre Eltern aber nicht nur um ihre primären Bedüfnisse zu erfüllen, sondern auch weil für sie als soziale Wesen eine Beziehung natürlich und intrinsisch ist. [Bearbeiten] 

* Ende der Übersetzung, ab hier englischer Originaltext ***********

In the 1970s James Prescott, Ph.D., carried out research into primate child-mother bonding and noted a clear link between disruption to the child-mother bonding process and the emergence of violence and fear-based behaviour in the young primates. Unable to conduct the same research on human subjects, he then carried out a number of cross cultural studies of all known first contact observations of Aboriginal Societies. He found he could accurately predict the emergence of violence and hierarchical power in any given society, based on the treatment of mothers and children.<ref>[http://www.violence.de/prescott/bulletin/article.html BODY PLEASURE AND THE ORIGINS OF VIOLENCE By James W. Prescott]</ref>

''In the 1970s James Prescott, Ph.D., carried out research into primate child-mother bonding and noted a clear link between disruption to the child-mother bonding process and the emergence of violence and fear-based behaviour in the young primates. In den 1970er Jahren erforschte James Prescott bei Primaten die Mutter-Kind-Bindung und stellte fest, einen klaren Zusammenhang zwischen Störungen des Mutter-Kind-Bonding-Prozess und die Entstehung von Gewalt und Angst-basiertem Verhalten bei den jungen Primaten. Unable to conduct the same research on human subjects, he then carried out a number of cross cultural studies of all known first contact observations of Aboriginal Societies. Unfähig, die gleiche Forschung am Menschen zu führen, er dann führte eine Reihe von Cross Cultural Studies aller bekannten ersten Kontakt Beobachtungen von Aboriginal-Gesellschaften. He found he could accurately predict the emergence of violence and hierarchical power in any given society, based on the treatment of mothers and children. [ 5 ] Er fand, konnte er genau vorhersagen, die Entstehung von Gewalt und hierarchische Macht in einer gegebenen Gesellschaft, basierend auf der Behandlung von Müttern und Kindern. [5]'' 

Developmental psychologist [[Mary Ainsworth]] devised a procedure, called [[Mary Ainsworth#Strange Situation|The Strange Situation]], to observe attachment relationships between a human caregiver and child. She observed disruptions to the parent/child attachment over a 20 minute period, and noted that this affected the child's exploration and behavior toward the mother. This operationalization of attachment has recently come under question, as it may not be a valid measure for infants that do not experience distress upon initial encounter with a stranger.<ref>Clarke-Stewart, Goossens, & Allhusen, 2001.{{full}}</ref>

''Developmental psychologist Mary Ainsworth devised a procedure, called The Strange Situation , to observe attachment relationships between a human caregiver and child. Entwicklungspsychologin Mary Ainsworth entwickelte ein Verfahren, genannt der merkwürdigen Situation , um die Anbringung eines menschlichen Beziehungen zwischen Bezugsperson und Kind zu beobachten. She observed disruptions to the parent/child attachment over a 20 minute period, and noted that this affected the child's exploration and behavior toward the mother. Sie beobachtete Störungen der Eltern / Kind-Bindung über einen Zeitraum von 20 Minuten, und stellte fest, dass dies der kindlichen Exploration und Verhalten gegenüber der Mutter beeinflusst. This operationalization of attachment has recently come under question, as it may not be a valid measure for infants that do not experience distress upon initial encounter with a stranger. [ 6 ] Diese Operationalisierung der Anlage wurde vor kurzem in Frage kommen, da es kein gültiges Maß für Säuglinge, die keine Erfahrung haben Not nimmt beim ersten Begegnung mit einem Fremden sein kann. [6]'' 

According to Attachment Parenting International (API) there are 8 principles that foster healthy (secure) attachment between the caretaker and infant. While none of these principles is derived directly from original attachment research, they are presented as parenting practices that can lead to "attunement", "consistent and sensitive responsiveness" and "physical and emotional availability" that research has found to be key factors in secure attachment.{{fact}}

''According to Attachment Parenting International (API) there are 8 principles that foster healthy (secure) attachment between the caretaker and infant. Nach Attachment Parenting International (API) gibt es 8 Prinzipien, dass Pflegeeltern gesund (sichere) Verbindung zwischen dem Hausmeister und Kind. While none of these principles is derived directly from original attachment research, they are presented as parenting practices that can lead to "attunement", "consistent and sensitive responsiveness" and "physical and emotional availability" that research has found to be key factors in secure attachment. [ citation needed ] Während keines dieser Prinzipien wird direkt vom Original Bindungsforschung abgeleitet, werden sie als Eltern Praktiken, die zur "Einstimmung", "konsequente und sensibles Ansprechverhalten" und "körperliche und emotionale Verfügbarkeit", dass die Forschung hat festgestellt, dass entscheidende Faktoren für sichere sein, führen können vorgestellt Anhang. [ Zitieren benötigt ]'' 

==Acht Grundsätze des Attachment Parenting==
Per Dr. Sears' theory of attachment parenting (AP), proponents such as the API attempt to foster a secure bond with their children by promoting eight principles which are identified as goals for parents to strive for.  These eight principles are:{{fact}}

''[ edit ] Eight principles of attachment parenting [ edit ] Acht Grundsätze des Attachment Parenting Per Dr. Sears' theory of attachment parenting (AP), proponents such as the API attempt to foster a secure bond with their children by promoting eight principles which are identified as goals for parents to strive for. Per Dr. Sears 'Theorie des Attachment Parenting (AP), um die Befürworter wie die API-Versuch fördern eine sichere Bindung zu ihren Kindern durch die Förderung der acht Prinzipien, die als Ziele für die Eltern zu streben identifiziert werden. These eight principles are: [ citation needed ] Diese acht Prinzipien sind: [ Bearbeiten ]'' 

# Preparation for Pregnancy, Birth and Parenting
# Feed with Love and Respect
# Respond with Sensitivity
# Use Nurturing Touch
# Ensure Safe Sleep, Physically and Emotionally
# Provide Consistent Loving Care
# Practice [[Positive Discipline]]
# Strive for Balance in Personal and Family Life

''1.Preparation for Pregnancy, Birth and Parenting Vorbereitung für Schwangerschaft, Geburt und Elternschaft 
2.Feed with Love and Respect Füttern mit Liebe und Respekt 
3.Respond with Sensitivity Reagieren Sie mit Empfindlichkeit 
4.Use Nurturing Touch Verwenden Pflegende Berührung 
5.Ensure Safe Sleep, Physically and Emotionally Stellen Sie sicher, Safe Sleep, körperlich und emotional 
6.Provide Consistent Loving Care Bieten konsistente Loving Care 
7.Practice Positive Discipline Üben Positive Discipline 
8.Strive for Balance in Personal and Family Life Streben nach Gleichgewicht in Privat-und Familienleben'' 

These values are interpreted in a variety of ways.  Many attachment parents also choose to live a natural family living (NFL) lifestyle, such as [[natural childbirth]], [[home birth]],  stay-at-home parenting, [[co-sleeping]], [[breastfeeding]], [[babywearing]], [[homeschooling]], [[unschooling]], the [[Genital integrity|anti-circumcision]] movement, [[natural health]], [[cooperative]] movements, [[naturism]] and support of [[Organic food|organic]] and [[local foods]].

''These values are interpreted in a variety of ways. Diese Werte werden in einer Vielzahl von Arten interpretiert. Many attachment parents also choose to live a natural family living (NFL) lifestyle, such as natural childbirth , home birth , stay-at-home parenting, co-sleeping , breastfeeding , babywearing , homeschooling , unschooling , the anti-circumcision movement, natural health , cooperative movements, naturism and support of organic and local foods . Viele Befestigung Eltern auch wählen, um eine natürliche Familie leben (NFL) Lebensstil, wie leben natürliche Geburt , Hausgeburt , stay-at-home Elternschaft, gemeinsame Schlafen , Stillen , Babytragen , Homeschooling , unschooling , die Anti-Beschneidung Bewegung, natürliche Gesundheit , kooperative Bewegungen, FKK und die Unterstützung der Bio- und Lebensmittel aus der Region .'' 

However, Dr. Sears does not require a parent to strictly follow any set of rules, instead encouraging parents to be creative in responding to their child's needs. Attachment parenting, outside the guise of Dr. Sears, focuses on responses that support secure attachments.

''However, Dr. Sears does not require a parent to strictly follow any set of rules, instead encouraging parents to be creative in responding to their child's needs. Allerdings ist Dr. Sears nicht erforderlich, ein Elternteil sich strikt an eine beliebige Menge von Regeln, sondern ermutigt Eltern, kreativ zu sein bei der Reaktion auf ihre kindlichen Bedürfnisse. Attachment parenting, outside the guise of Dr. Sears, focuses on responses that support secure attachments. Attachment Parenting, außerhalb der Gestalt von Dr. Sears, konzentriert sich auf die Antworten, die sichere Anlagen zu unterstützen.'' 

==Kinderbetreuung==
Attachment parenting proponents value secure attachment between children and a primary caregiver, preferably a parent or guardian. Secure primary or secondary attachments may also be formed with other caregiving adults and should be supported by the parents.

''Attachment parenting proponents value secure attachment between children and a primary caregiver, preferably a parent or guardian. Attachment Parenting Befürworter schätzen sichere Bindung zwischen Kindern und einer primären Bezugsperson, vorzugsweise ein Elternteil oder Vormund. Secure primary or secondary attachments may also be formed with other caregiving adults and should be supported by the parents. Sichere primären oder sekundären Anhänge können auch mit anderen Pflege Erwachsenen gebildet werden und von den Eltern unterstützt werden.'' 

From the biological point of view, caregiver and infant have evolved a coordinated relationship in which the infant seeks to maintain proximity to the carer who responds to its overtures and signals of distress or fear and provides a secure base for exploration. The type of attachment formed by the infant and child is influential in the formation of the [[Attachment theory|internal working model]] and thus the child's functioning throughout life. The secure attachment, formed when a carer is appropriately sensitive to the child's emotional and biological needs, is the norm.<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1037/0022-3514.74.5.1380 |title=Attachment styles, emotion regulation, and adjustment in adolescence |year=1998 |last1=Cooper |first1=M. Lynne |last2=Shaver |first2=Phillip R. |last3=Collins |first3=Nancy L. |journal=Journal of Personality and Social Psychology |volume=74 |issue=5 |pages=1380–97 |pmid=9599450}}</ref>

''From the biological point of view, caregiver and infant have evolved a coordinated relationship in which the infant seeks to maintain proximity to the carer who responds to its overtures and signals of distress or fear and provides a secure base for exploration. Vom biologischen Standpunkt aus gesehen haben die Pflegeperson und Säugling eine koordinierte Beziehung, in der das Kind versucht, die Nähe zu der Pflegekraft, die seine Annäherungsversuche und Notsignale oder Angst reagiert und bietet eine sichere Basis für die Erkundung zu halten entwickelt. The type of attachment formed by the infant and child is influential in the formation of the internal working model and thus the child's functioning throughout life. Die Art der Befestigung durch die bei Säuglingen und Kindern ausgebildet ist einflussreich bei der Bildung der internen Arbeitsmodell und damit des Kindes Funktionieren des gesamten Lebens. The secure attachment, formed when a carer is appropriately sensitive to the child's emotional and biological needs, is the norm. [ 7 ] Die sichere Befestigung, gebildet, wenn eine Pflegekraft ist entsprechend empfindlich auf die kindliche emotionale und biologische Bedürfnisse, die Norm ist. [7]'' 



Even when engaging non-parental caregivers, Attachment Parents strive to maintain healthy, secure attachments with their children. AP-friendly childcare is a continuation of the nurturing care given by the parents and focuses on meeting the child's needs.  Attachment Parents typically work to make caregiving arrangements that are sensitive to the child while balancing their own needs as well.

''Even when engaging non-parental caregivers, Attachment Parents strive to maintain healthy, secure attachments with their children. Auch bei nicht-eingreifenden elterlichen Bezugspersonen, Eltern streben Befestigung auf gesunde, sichere Bindungen zu ihren Kindern aufrecht zu erhalten. AP-friendly childcare is a continuation of the nurturing care given by the parents and focuses on meeting the child's needs. AP-freundliche Kinderbetreuung ist eine Fortsetzung der Pflege Betreuung durch die Eltern und konzentriert sich dabei auf die Bedürfnisse des Kindes gegeben. Attachment Parents typically work to make caregiving arrangements that are sensitive to the child while balancing their own needs as well. Anhang Eltern in der Regel daran arbeiten, Pflege Arrangements, die empfindlich auf das Kind sind, aber gleichzeitig ihre eigenen Bedürfnisse sowie zu machen.'' 

In addition, traumatic or severely physically painful events in the child's life in which the attachment figure is either not present or does not partake in the primary attachment recovery process, which takes place immediately after the injury until the child is no longer in pain, can cause an attachment injury to be formed, which will greatly increase the likelihood of an insecure and unstable attachment to the parent.<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2004.01.013 |title=Relation of attachment style to family history of alcoholism and alcohol use disorders in early adulthood |year=2004 |last1=Vungkhanching |first1=Martha |last2=Sher |first2=Kenneth J |last3=Jackson |first3=Kristina M |last4=Parra |first4=Gilbert R |journal=Drug and Alcohol Dependence |volume=75 |pages=47–53 |pmid=15225888 |issue=1}}</ref>

''In addition, traumatic or severely physically painful events in the child's life in which the attachment figure is either not present or does not partake in the primary attachment recovery process, which takes place immediately after the injury until the child is no longer in pain, can cause an attachment injury to be formed, which will greatly increase the likelihood of an insecure and unstable attachment to the parent. [ 8 ] Darüber hinaus bedeutet traumatische oder schwer körperlich schmerzhafte Ereignisse im Leben des Kindes, in der die Bezugsperson ist entweder nicht vorhanden oder nicht in der primären Bindung Recovery-Prozess, die stattfindet, unmittelbar nach der Verletzung, bis das Kind ist nicht mehr im Schmerz teilhaben können verursachen einen Anhang Verletzung gebildet werden, die stark erhöhen die Wahrscheinlichkeit eines unsicheren und instabilen Bindung an die Eltern. [8]'' 


==Disziplin==
Attachment parents seek to understand the biological and psychological needs of the child, and to avoid unrealistic expectations of child behavior. In setting boundaries and limits that are appropriate to the age of the child, attachment parenting takes into account the physical and psychological stage of development that the child is currently experiencing. In this way, parents may seek to avoid frustration that occurs when they expect things beyond the child's capability. According to Arnall (2007), discipline means teaching the child by gentle guidance, such as re-direction, natural consequences, listening and modeling, and not by punitive means such as spanking, time-out, grounding, and punitive consequences.
 
''Attachment parents seek to understand the biological and psychological needs of the child, and to avoid unrealistic expectations of child behavior. Anhang Eltern versuchen, die biologischen und psychologischen Bedürfnisse des Kindes zu verstehen und zu unrealistischen Erwartungen des kindlichen Verhaltens zu vermeiden. In setting boundaries and limits that are appropriate to the age of the child, attachment parenting takes into account the physical and psychological stage of development that the child is currently experiencing. Bei der Festlegung von Grenzen und Schranken, die entsprechend dem Alter des Kindes sind, nimmt Attachment Parenting Berücksichtigung der physischen und psychischen Stadium der Entwicklung, dass das Kind erlebt derzeit. In this way, parents may seek to avoid frustration that occurs when they expect things beyond the child's capability. Auf diese Weise können Eltern versuchen, Frustration, wenn sie Dinge jenseits des Kindes-Fähigkeit erwarten tritt zu vermeiden. According to Arnall (2007), discipline means teaching the child by gentle guidance, such as re-direction, natural consequences, listening and modeling, and not by punitive means such as spanking, time-out, grounding, and punitive consequences. Nach Arnall (2007), bedeutet, dem Kind beizubringen, Disziplin durch sanfte Führung, wie zB Re-Direction, natürlichen Folgen, Hören und Modellierung, und nicht durch Strafmaßnahmen Mittel wie Spanking, Time-out, Erdung und strafende Konsequenzen.'' 


Attachment parenting holds that it is vital to the survival of the child that he be capable of communicating needs to the adults to have those needs promptly met. Dr. Sears advises that, while still an infant, the child is mentally incapable of outright manipulation. Unmet needs are believed, by Dr. Sears and other AP proponents, to surface beginning immediately in attempts to fulfill that which was left unmet. AP looks at child development as well as infant and child biology to determine the psychologically and biologically appropriate response at different stages. Attachment parenting does not mean meeting a need that a child can fulfill himself. It means understanding what the needs are, when they arise, how they change over time and circumstances, and being flexible in devising ways to respond appropriately. 

''Attachment parenting holds that it is vital to the survival of the child that he be capable of communicating needs to the adults to have those needs promptly met. Attachment Parenting hält, dass es entscheidend für das Überleben des Kindes, dass er kommunizieren kann, muss die Erwachsenen zu haben, denen muss umgehend erreicht werden soll. Dr. Sears advises that, while still an infant, the child is mentally incapable of outright manipulation. Dr. Sears rät, dass zwar noch ein Kind, das Kind geistig nicht in der offenen Manipulation ist. Unmet needs are believed, by Dr. Sears and other AP proponents, to surface beginning immediately in attempts to fulfill that which was left unmet. Unerfüllten Bedürfnisse werden geglaubt, von Dr. Sears und andere AP Befürworter, zu Beginn sofort Oberfläche in Versuchen zu erfüllen, was blieb unerfüllt. AP looks at child development as well as infant and child biology to determine the psychologically and biologically appropriate response at different stages. AP schaut auf die Entwicklung von Kindern sowie Säuglings-und Kindersterblichkeit Biologie, um die psychologisch und biologisch angemessene Reaktion in den verschiedenen Phasen zu bestimmen. Attachment parenting does not mean meeting a need that a child can fulfill himself. Attachment Parenting bedeutet nicht, erfüllen ein Bedürfnis, ein Kind kann sich erfüllen. It means understanding what the needs are, when they arise, how they change over time and circumstances, and being flexible in devising ways to respond appropriately. Es bedeutet, zu verstehen, was die Bedürfnisse sind, wenn sie entstehen, wie sie im Laufe der Zeit und die Umstände zu ändern, und sich in der Ermittlung von Möglichkeiten angemessen zu reagieren flexibel.'' 


Similar practices are called natural parenting, instinctive parenting, intuitive parenting, immersion parenting or "[[continuum concept]]" parenting.

''Similar practices are called natural parenting, instinctive parenting, intuitive parenting, immersion parenting or " continuum concept " parenting. Ähnliche Praktiken sind natürliche Elternschaft, Kindererziehung instinktive, intuitive Elternschaft, Kindererziehung oder Immersion "genannt Kontinuum-Konzept "Elternschaft.'' 

==Praktische Aspekte==
Attachment parenting can interfere with a couple's sex life and socialising, but can eliminate the cost of pushchairs and cots.<ref name="guardian who needs a cot or a pram">{{cite news | url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/lifeandstyle/2011/nov/14/buying-minimum-child-kit | title=Who needs a cot or a pram when you're bringing up a baby? | work=[[The Guardian]] | date=November 14, 2011 | accessdate=November 15, 2011 | author=Schiller, Rebecca | quote=[...] no plans to invest in the items most consider vital: a pushchair or cot. [...] "You do have to make a new kind of space for your sex life when co-sleeping, and breastfeeding on cue means a baby-free late night out isn't on the cards," [...] managed to spend just £800 in the first 12 months – about 15% of the norm [£5,213.25].}}</ref>

''Attachment parenting can interfere with a couple's sex life and socialising, but can eliminate the cost of pushchairs and cots. [ 9 ] Attachment Parenting kann mit ein paar Sexualleben und Geselligkeit stören, kann aber die Kosten für die Kinderwagen und Kinderbetten zu beseitigen. [9]'' 


==Kritik und Diskussionen==
* '''Strenuous and Demanding on Parents.''' One criticism of attachment parenting is that it can be very strenuous and demanding on parents. Without a support network of helpful friends or family, the work of parenting can be difficult. Writer [[Judith Warner]] contends that a “culture of total motherhood”, which she blames in part on attachment parenting, has led to an “age of anxiety” for mothers in modern American society.<ref>Warner, Judith (2006). ''Perfect Madness: Motherhood in the Age of Anxiety'' (ISBN 1-59448-170-9){{pn}}</ref> Sociologist Sharon Hays argues that the "ideology of intensive mothering" imposes unrealistic obligations and perpetuates a "double shift" life for working women.<ref>Hays, Sharon (1998) ''Cultural Contradictions of Motherhood'' (ISBN 0-300-07652-5){{pn}}</ref>

''Strenuous and Demanding on Parents. One criticism of attachment parenting is that it can be very strenuous and demanding on parents. Anstrengende und hohe Anforderungen an die Eltern. Ein Kritikpunkt von Attachment Parenting ist, dass es sein kann sehr anstrengend und fordernd an die Eltern. Without a support network of helpful friends or family, the work of parenting can be difficult. Ohne ein Support-Netzwerk von hilfreichen Freunden oder der Familie, kann die Arbeit der Eltern schwierig sein. Writer Judith Warner contends that a “culture of total motherhood”, which she blames in part on attachment parenting, has led to an “age of anxiety” for mothers in modern American society. [ 10 ] Sociologist Sharon Hays argues that the "ideology of intensive mothering" imposes unrealistic obligations and perpetuates a "double shift" life for working women. [ 11 ] Writer Judith Warner macht geltend, dass eine "Kultur des gesamten Mutterschaft", die sie zum Teil die Schuld auf Attachment Parenting, hat zu einem "Zeitalter der Angst" für Mütter in der modernen amerikanischen Gesellschaft geführt. [10] Soziologin Sharon Hays argumentiert, dass die "Ideologie der intensiven Mütterlichkeit "erlegt unrealistisch Verpflichtungen und perpetuiert eine" doppelte Verschiebung "Leben für berufstätige Frauen. [11]'' 


* '''Not Supported by Conclusive Research.''' Another criticism is that there is no conclusive or convincing body of research that shows this labor-intensive approach to be in any way superior to what attachment parents term "mainstream parenting" in the long run.<ref>{{cite journal |first1=Sharon |last1=Hays |year=1998 |title=The Fallacious Assumptions and Unrealistic Prescriptions of Attachment Theory: A Comment on 'Parents' Socioemotional Investment in Children' |journal=Journal of Marriage and Family |volume=60 |issue=3 |pages=782–90 |jstor=353546 |doi=10.2307/353546}}</ref>

''Not Supported by Conclusive Research. Another criticism is that there is no conclusive or convincing body of research that shows this labor-intensive approach to be in any way superior to what attachment parents term "mainstream parenting" in the long run. [ 12 ] Nicht durch schlüssiges Forschung gefördert. Ein weiterer Kritikpunkt ist, dass es keine schlüssigen oder überzeugenden Körper der Forschung, die diese arbeitsintensive Ansatz, in irgendeiner Weise überlegen, was Eltern Befestigung Begriff "Mainstream-Erziehung" auf lange Sicht sein, zeigt. [12]'' 

* '''Co-Sleeping.''' The American Academy of Pediatrics's policy [[Sudden infant death syndrome|SIDS]] prevention opposes bed-sharing with infants (though it does encourage room-sharing).<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1542/peds.106.3.e41 |title=Unsafe Sleep Practices and an Analysis of Bedsharing Among Infants Dying Suddenly and Unexpectedly: Results of a Four-Year, Population-Based, Death-Scene Investigation Study of Sudden Infant Death Syndrome and Related Deaths |year=2000 |first1=James S. |last1=Kemp |first2=Benjamin |last2=Unger |first3=Davida |last3=Wilkins |first4=Rose M. |last4=Psara |first5=Terrance L. |last5=Ledbetter |first6=Michael A. |last6=Graham |first7=Mary |last7=Case |first8=Bradley T. |last8=Thach |journal=Pediatrics |volume=106 |issue=3 |pages=e41 |pmid=10969125}}</ref> The U.S. [[Consumer Product Safety Commission]] also warns against co-sleeping.<ref>[http://www.cpsc.gov/CPSCPUB/PREREL/PRHTML99/99175.html CPSC Warns Against Placing Babies in Adult Beds; Study finds 64 deaths each year from suffocation and strangulation], Consumer Product Safety Commission, September 29, 1999</ref> Attachment Parenting International issued a response which stated that the data referenced in the Consumer Product Safety Commission statement was unreliable, and that co-sponsors of the campaign had created a conflict of interest.<ref>[http://www.attachmentparenting.org/support/articles/cosleepcritique.php Attachment parenting international calls on government to delay campaign warning parents not to sleep with their babies]</ref>

''Co-Sleeping. The American Academy of Pediatrics's policy SIDS prevention opposes bed-sharing with infants (though it does encourage room-sharing). [ 13 ] The US Consumer Product Safety Commission also warns against co-sleeping. [ 14 ] Attachment Parenting International issued a response which stated that the data referenced in the Consumer Product Safety Commission statement was unreliable, and that co-sponsors of the campaign had created a conflict of interest. [ 15 ] Co-Sleeping. Die American Academy of Pediatrics Politik SIDS Prävention gegen Bett-Sharing mit Kleinkindern (obwohl es keine Raum-Sharing zu fördern). [13] Die US Consumer Product Safety Commission warnt auch vor Co-Schlafen. [14] Attachment Parenting Internationalen gab eine Antwort, dass die Daten in der Consumer Product Safety Commission Anweisung verwiesen unzuverlässig war angegeben, und dass die Co-Sponsoren der Kampagne hatte einen Interessenkonflikt geschaffen. [15]'' 

* '''Non-DSM Definition of Reactive Attachment Disorder.''' Attachment Parenting International (API) utilizes an [[attachment therapy]] resource (Peachtree Attachment Resources)<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.attachmentparenting.org/support/articles/artadoption.php |title=API: Parenting Resources - Developing emotional attachments in adopted children |accessdate=2008-06-18 |publisher=Attachment Parenting International}}</ref> to define [[reactive attachment disorder]], which claims the criteria are based on the [[DSM-IV]]. Attachment therapy definitions and symptoms lists of RAD have been criticised as being very different to DSM-TR criteria and as being "non-specific", producing a high rate of "false-positives",<ref>{{Cite journal |doi=10.1177/1077559505283699 |title=Report of the APSAC Task Force on Attachment Therapy, Reactive Attachment Disorder, and Attachment Problems |year=2006 |last1=Chaffin |first1=M. |journal=Child Maltreatment |volume=11 |pages=76–89 |pmid=16382093 |last2=Hanson |first2=R |last3=Saunders |first3=BE |last4=Nichols |first4=T |last5=Barnett |first5=D |last6=Zeanah |first6=C |last7=Berliner |first7=L |last8=Egeland |first8=B |last9=Newman |first9=E |issue=1}}</ref> and "wildly inclusive".<ref>{{Cite book| author = Prior V and Glaser D| title = Understanding Attachment and Attachment Disorders: Theory, Evidence and Practice| year = 2006| series = Child and Adolescent Mental Health Series| publisher = Jessica Kingsley|page=186| location = London| isbn = 1-84310-245-5| oclc = 70663735}}</ref>

''Non-DSM Definition of Reactive Attachment Disorder. Attachment Parenting International (API) utilizes an attachment therapy resource (Peachtree Attachment Resources) [ 16 ] to define reactive attachment disorder , which claims the criteria are based on the DSM-IV . Non-Definition der DSM reaktive Bindungsstörung. Attachment Parenting International (API) verwendet eine Befestigung Therapie Ressource (Peachtree Anlage Resources) [16] zu definieren, reaktive Bindungsstörung , die die Kriterien basieren auf der behauptet, DSM-IV . Attachment therapy definitions and symptoms lists of RAD have been criticised as being very different to DSM-TR criteria and as being "non-specific", producing a high rate of "false-positives", [ 17 ] and "wildly inclusive". [ 18 ] Anhang Therapie Definitionen und Listen von Symptomen RAD wurden als sehr unterschiedlich zu DSM-TR-Kriterien und als "nicht-spezifischen" kritisiert worden, wodurch eine hohe Rate an "False-Positives", [17] und "wild inclusive". [ 18]'' 

* '''Ambiguities in usage. '''A form of parenting called attachment parenting is sometimes used as an adjunct to [[attachment therapy]].<ref name="Parker et al.">{{cite journal |doi=10.1177/1077559506292635 |title=An Elaboration on the Distinction Between Controversial Parenting and Therapeutic Practices Versus Developmentally Appropriate Attachment Parenting: A Comment on the APSAC Task Force Report |year=2006 |last1=Curtner-Smith |first1=M. E. |last2=Middlemiss |first2=W. |last3=Green |first3=K. |last4=Murray |first4=A. D. |last5=Barone |first5=M. |last6=Stolzer |first6=J. |last7=Parker |first7=L. |last8=Nicholson |first8=B. |journal=Child Maltreatment |volume=11 |issue=4 |pages=373–4; author reply 381–6 |pmid=17043322}}</ref> The term "attachment parenting" is increasingly co-opted by proponents of controversial techniques conventionally associated with [[attachment therapy]] such as Nancy Thomas,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.attachment.org |title=Attachment.org: Nancy Thomas |accessdate=2008-11-07 |publisher=Nancy Thomas}}{{MEDRS}}</ref> whose AP methods differ from those of William Sears.{{fact}}

''Ambiguities in usage. A form of parenting called attachment parenting is sometimes used as an adjunct to attachment therapy . [ 19 ] The term "attachment parenting" is increasingly co-opted by proponents of controversial techniques conventionally associated with attachment therapy such as Nancy Thomas, [ 20 ] whose AP methods differ from those of William Sears. [ citation needed ] Unklarheiten im Gebrauch. Eine Form der Elternschaft genannt Attachment Parenting manchmal ist als Ergänzung zu verwenden Befestigung Therapie . [19] Der Begriff "Attachment Parenting" wird zunehmend von den Befürwortern der umstrittenen Techniken konventionell mit verbundenen kooptiert Befestigung Therapie wie Nancy Thomas, [20] , dessen AP Methoden unterscheiden sich von denen von William Sears. [ Bearbeiten ]'' 
==Siehe auch==
{{col-begin}}
{{col-break}}
* [[Affectional bond]]
* [[Attachment disorder]]
* [[Attachment in children]]
* [[Attachment theory]]
* [[Attachment therapy]]
* [[Breastfeeding]]
* [[Child psychotherapy]]
{{col-break}}
* [[Co-sleeping]]
* [[Elimination communication]]
* [[Gentle Christian Mothers]]
* [[La Leche League International]]
* [[Mom's Breastaurant]]
* [[Reactive attachment disorder]]
* [[Shared parenting]]

{{col-end}}

== Literatur ==
* Gerber, Magda, Johnson, Allison.(1998.''Your Self-Confident Baby; How to Encourage Your Child's Natural Abilities From Very Start''.   NY: John Wiley and Sons, Inc.
* Arnall, Judy, (2007) Discipline Without Distress: 135 tools for raising caring responsible children without time-out, spanking, punishment or bribery." Canada, Professional Parenting Canada
* Gonzales-Mena, J. & Eyer, W. D.(2004).''Infants, Toddlers, and Caregivers: A Curriculum of Respectful, Responsive Care and Education''  (6th ed.). Boston: McGraw Hill.
* Lally, J. Ronald (Ed.).(1990).''Infant Toddler Caregivers: A Guide to Social-Emotional Growth and Socialization''. San Francisco, CA: WestEd.
* Stages of socio-emotional development in children and teenagers, 1-5. Retrieved September 19, 2007,from http://www.childdevelopmentinfo.com/development/erickson.shtml

== Weblinks ==
* [http://www.attachment-parenting.de Deutschsprachige Infoseite]
* [http://www.attachmentparenting.org/ Non-Profit Organisation, engl.]
{{dmoz|Home/Family/Parenting/Attachment_Parenting|Attachment Parenting}}

== Einzelnachweise ==
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[[Kategorie:Soziale Beziehung|Bindungstheorie]]
[[Kategorie:Entwicklungspsychologie|Bindungstheorie]]
[[Kategorie:Sozialpsychologie|Bindungstheorie]]

[[Kategorie:Elternschaft]]
[[Kategorie:Kindheit]]
[[Kategorie:Stillen]]

[[cs:Kontaktní rodičovství]]
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[[en:Attachment parenting]]
[[es:Crianza con apego]]
[[lt:Prieraišioji tėvystė]]
[[no:Tilknytningsomsorg]]
[[pl:Rodzicielstwo bliskości]]
[[ru:Естественное родительство]]
[[sv:Attachment parenting]]
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