Quelltext der Seite Benutzer:Shi Annan/Arebica

{{Importartikel}}
{{Short description|Bosniak script}}
{{Infobox Writing system
|name=Arebica
|type=Alphabet, based upon the
|typedesc=[[Arabic script|Perso-Arabic script]]
|time=15th–20th century
|languages=[[Bosnian language|Bosnian]]
|creator=
|sample=
|imagesize= 
|caption=
|iso15924=
}}
{{South Slavic languages sidebar}}
[[File:Bosnian Book of the Science of Conduct WDL7479.pdf|thumb|The handbook, ''Bosnian Book of the Science of Conduct'' published in 1831 by the Bosnian author and poet [[Abdulvehab Ilhamija]], is printed in Arebica.]]
'''Arebica''' ({{IPA-sh|arebit͡sa|pron}}, {{lang|bs-Arab|عَرَبٖىڄا}}) is a [[Bosniak]] variant of the [[Arabic script|Perso-Arabic script]] used to write the [[Bosnian language]] ({{lang|bs-Arab|بۉسانسقٖى يەزٖىق}}).<ref>{{ELL2|Hindi}}</ref> It was used mainly between the 15th and 19th centuries and is frequently categorized as part of [[Aljamiado]] literature. Before [[World War I]] there were unsuccessful efforts by Bosnian Muslims to adopt Arebica as the third official alphabet for Bosnian alongside [[Gaj's Latin alphabet|Latin]] and [[Serbian Cyrillic alphabet|Cyrillic]].

Apart from literature, Arebica was used in religious schools and administration, though in much less use than other scripts.

==Origin==
Arebica was based on the [[Arabic script|Perso-Arabic script]] of the [[Ottoman Empire]], with added letters for {{IPAslink|t͡s}}, {{IPAslink|ʎ}} and {{IPAslink|ɲ}}, which are not found in [[Arabic]], [[Persian language|Persian]] or [[Ottoman Turkish language|Turkish]]. Full letters were eventually introduced for all vowels (as with [[Kurdish alphabets|Kurdish Arabic script]]), making Arebica a true [[alphabet]], unlike its Perso-Arabic base.

The final version of Arebica was devised by [[Džemaludin Čaušević|Mehmed Džemaludin Čaušević]] at the end of the 19th century. His version is called ''Matufovica'', ''Matufovača'' or ''Mektebica''.

==Contemporary use==
The first literary work to be published in Arebica for 64 years (since 1941) was a comic book "Hadži Šefko i hadži Mefko" in 2005 (authors Amir Al-Zubi and Meliha Čičak-Al-Zubi). The authors made slight modifications to Arebica.

The first book in Arebica with an ISBN was "Epohe fonetske misli kod Arapa i arebica" ("The Age of Phonetic Thought of Arabs and Arebica")<ref>[http://bastinaobjave.com/otvoreni-defter/predgovor-knjige-epohe-fonetske-misli-kod-arapa-i-arebica Foreword] to "The Age of Phonetic Thought of Arabs and Arebica" by Aldin Mustafić</ref> in April 2013 in Belgrade by Aldin Mustafić, MSc.<br>
This book represents the completion of the standardization of Mehmed Džemaludin Čaušević's version, and is also a textbook for higher education.

==Alphabet==
The final version of Arebica alphabet was devised at the end of the 19th century by Mehmed Džemaludin Čaušević.

{| class="wikitable" style=text-align:center
|-
! rowspan="3" | Latin
! rowspan="3" | Cyrillic
! colspan="4" | Arebica
|-
! colspan="3"|Contextual forms
! rowspan="2"|Isolated
|-
!Final
!Medial
!Initial
|-
| A a
| А а
| style="line-height:150%;padding:10px;font-size:220%;" colspan="2" | {{lang|bs-Arab|ـآ}}
| style="line-height:150%;padding:10px;font-size:220%;" colspan="2" | {{lang|bs-Arab|آ}}
|-
| B b
| Б б
| style="line-height:150%;padding:10px;font-size:220%;" | {{lang|bs-Arab|ـب}}
| style="line-height:150%;padding:10px;font-size:220%;" | {{lang|bs-Arab|ـبـ}}
| style="line-height:150%;padding:10px;font-size:220%;" | {{lang|bs-Arab|بـ}}
| style="line-height:150%;padding:10px;font-size:220%;" | {{lang|bs-Arab|ب}}
|-
| C c
| Ц ц
| style="line-height:150%;padding:10px;font-size:220%;" | {{lang|bs-Arab|ـڄ}}
| style="line-height:150%;padding:10px;font-size:220%;" | {{lang|bs-Arab|ـڄـ}}
| style="line-height:150%;padding:10px;font-size:220%;" | {{lang|bs-Arab|ڄـ}}
| style="line-height:150%;padding:10px;font-size:220%;" | {{lang|bs-Arab|ڄ}}
|-
| Č č
| Ч ч
| rowspan="2" style="line-height:150%;padding:10px;font-size:220%;" | {{lang|bs-Arab|ـچ}}
| rowspan="2" style="line-height:150%;padding:10px;font-size:220%;" | {{lang|bs-Arab|ـچـ}}
| rowspan="2" style="line-height:150%;padding:10px;font-size:220%;" | {{lang|bs-Arab|چـ}}
| rowspan="2" | <span style="line-height:150%;padding:10px;font-size:220%;">{{lang|bs-Arab|چ}}</span> {{ref|b|[b]}}
|-
| Ć ć 
| Ћ ћ
|-
| D d
| Д д
| style="line-height:150%;padding:10px;font-size:220%;" colspan="2" | {{lang|bs-Arab|ـد}}
| style="line-height:150%;padding:10px;font-size:220%;" colspan="2" | {{lang|bs-Arab|د}}
|-
| Dž dž
| Џ џ
| rowspan="2" style="line-height:150%;padding:10px;font-size:220%;" | {{lang|bs-Arab|ـج}}
| rowspan="2" style="line-height:150%;padding:10px;font-size:220%;" | {{lang|bs-Arab|ـجـ}}
| rowspan="2" style="line-height:150%;padding:10px;font-size:220%;" | {{lang|bs-Arab|جـ}}
| rowspan="2" | <span style="line-height:150%;padding:10px;font-size:220%;">{{lang|bs-Arab|ج}}</span> {{ref|c|[c]}}
|-
| Đ đ
| Ђ ђ
|-
| E e
| Е е
| style="line-height:150%;padding:10px;font-size:220%;" colspan="2" | {{lang|bs-Arab|ـە}}
| style="line-height:150%;padding:10px;font-size:220%;" colspan="2" | {{lang|bs-Arab|ە}}
|-
| F f
| Ф ф
| style="line-height:150%;padding:10px;font-size:220%;" | {{lang|bs-Arab|ـف}}
| style="line-height:150%;padding:10px;font-size:220%;" | {{lang|bs-Arab|ـفـ}}
| style="line-height:150%;padding:10px;font-size:220%;" | {{lang|bs-Arab|فـ}}
| style="line-height:150%;padding:10px;font-size:220%;" | {{lang|bs-Arab|ف}}
|-
| G g
| Г г
| style="line-height:150%;padding:10px;font-size:220%;" | {{lang|bs-Arab|ـغ}}
| style="line-height:150%;padding:10px;font-size:220%;" | {{lang|bs-Arab|ـغـ}}
| style="line-height:150%;padding:10px;font-size:220%;" | {{lang|bs-Arab|غـ}}
| style="line-height:150%;padding:10px;font-size:220%;" | {{lang|bs-Arab|غ}}
|-
| H h
| Х х
| style="line-height:150%;padding:10px;font-size:220%;" | {{lang|bs-Arab|ـح}}
| style="line-height:150%;padding:10px;font-size:220%;" | {{lang|bs-Arab|ـحـ}}
| style="line-height:150%;padding:10px;font-size:220%;" | {{lang|bs-Arab|حـ}}
| style="line-height:150%;padding:10px;font-size:220%;" | {{lang|bs-Arab|ح}}
|-
| I i
| И и
| style="line-height:150%;padding:10px;font-size:220%;" | {{lang|bs-Arab|ـاٖى}}<br/>{{lang|bs-Arab|ـٖى}}
| style="line-height:150%;padding:10px;font-size:220%;" | {{lang|bs-Arab|ـاٖىـ}}<br/>{{lang|bs-Arab|ـٖىـ}}
| style="line-height:150%;padding:10px;font-size:220%;" | {{lang|bs-Arab|اٖىـ}}
| <span style="line-height:150%;padding:10px;font-size:220%;">{{lang|bs-Arab|اٖى}}</span> {{ref|a|[a]}}
|-
| J j
| Ј ј
| style="line-height:150%;padding:10px;font-size:220%;" | {{lang|bs-Arab|ـي}}
| style="line-height:150%;padding:10px;font-size:220%;" | {{lang|bs-Arab|ـيـ}}
| style="line-height:150%;padding:10px;font-size:220%;" | {{lang|bs-Arab|يـ}}
| style="line-height:150%;padding:10px;font-size:220%;" | {{lang|bs-Arab|ي}}
|-
| K k
| К к
| style="line-height:150%;padding:10px;font-size:220%;" | {{lang|bs-Arab|ـق}}
| style="line-height:150%;padding:10px;font-size:220%;" | {{lang|bs-Arab|ـقـ}}
| style="line-height:150%;padding:10px;font-size:220%;" | {{lang|bs-Arab|قـ}}
| style="line-height:150%;padding:10px;font-size:220%;" | {{lang|bs-Arab|ق}}
|-
| L l
| Л л
| style="line-height:150%;padding:10px;font-size:220%;" | {{lang|bs-Arab|ـل}}
| style="line-height:150%;padding:10px;font-size:220%;" | {{lang|bs-Arab|ـلـ}}
| style="line-height:150%;padding:10px;font-size:220%;" | {{lang|bs-Arab|لـ}}
| style="line-height:150%;padding:10px;font-size:220%;" | {{lang|bs-Arab|ل}}
|-
| Lj lj
| Љ љ
| style="line-height:150%;padding:10px;font-size:220%;" | {{lang|bs-Arab|ـڵ}}
| style="line-height:150%;padding:10px;font-size:220%;" | {{lang|bs-Arab|ـڵـ}}
| style="line-height:150%;padding:10px;font-size:220%;" | {{lang|bs-Arab|ڵـ}}
| style="line-height:150%;padding:10px;font-size:220%;" | {{lang|bs-Arab|ڵ}}
|-
| M m
| М м
| style="line-height:150%;padding:10px;font-size:220%;" | {{lang|bs-Arab|ـم}}
| style="line-height:150%;padding:10px;font-size:220%;" | {{lang|bs-Arab|ـمـ}}
| style="line-height:150%;padding:10px;font-size:220%;" | {{lang|bs-Arab|مـ}}
| style="line-height:150%;padding:10px;font-size:220%;" | {{lang|bs-Arab|م}}
|-
| N n
| Н н
| style="line-height:150%;padding:10px;font-size:220%;" | {{lang|bs-Arab|ـن}}
| style="line-height:150%;padding:10px;font-size:220%;" | {{lang|bs-Arab|ـنـ}}
| style="line-height:150%;padding:10px;font-size:220%;" | {{lang|bs-Arab|نـ}}
| style="line-height:150%;padding:10px;font-size:220%;" | {{lang|bs-Arab|ن}}
|-
| Nj nj
| Њ њ 
| style="line-height:150%;padding:10px;font-size:220%;" | {{lang|bs-Arab|ـںٛ}}
| style="line-height:150%;padding:10px;font-size:220%;" | {{lang|bs-Arab|ـٮٛـ}}
| style="line-height:150%;padding:10px;font-size:220%;" | {{lang|bs-Arab|ٮٛـ}}
| <span style="line-height:150%;padding:10px;font-size:220%;">{{lang|bs-Arab|ںٛ}}</span>  {{ref|b|[b]}}
|-
| O o
| О о
| style="line-height:150%;padding:10px;font-size:220%;" colspan="2" | {{lang|bs-Arab|ـۉ}}
| style="line-height:150%;padding:10px;font-size:220%;" colspan="2" | {{lang|bs-Arab|ۉ}}
|-
| P p
| П п
| style="line-height:150%;padding:10px;font-size:220%;" | {{lang|bs-Arab|ـپ}}
| style="line-height:150%;padding:10px;font-size:220%;" | {{lang|bs-Arab|ـپـ}}
| style="line-height:150%;padding:10px;font-size:220%;" | {{lang|bs-Arab|پـ}}
| style="line-height:150%;padding:10px;font-size:220%;" | {{lang|bs-Arab|پ}}
|-
| R r
| Р р
| style="line-height:150%;padding:10px;font-size:220%;" colspan="2" | {{lang|bs-Arab|ـر}}
| style="line-height:150%;padding:10px;font-size:220%;" colspan="2" | {{lang|bs-Arab|ر}}
|-
| S s
| С с
| style="line-height:150%;padding:10px;font-size:220%;" | {{lang|bs-Arab|ـس}}
| style="line-height:150%;padding:10px;font-size:220%;" | {{lang|bs-Arab|ـسـ}}
| style="line-height:150%;padding:10px;font-size:220%;" | {{lang|bs-Arab|سـ}}
| style="line-height:150%;padding:10px;font-size:220%;" | {{lang|bs-Arab|س}}
|-
| Š š
| Ш ш
| style="line-height:150%;padding:10px;font-size:220%;" | {{lang|bs-Arab|ـش}}
| style="line-height:150%;padding:10px;font-size:220%;" | {{lang|bs-Arab|ـشـ}}
| style="line-height:150%;padding:10px;font-size:220%;" | {{lang|bs-Arab|شـ}}
| style="line-height:150%;padding:10px;font-size:220%;" | {{lang|bs-Arab|ش}}
|-
| T t
| Т т
| style="line-height:150%;padding:10px;font-size:220%;" | {{lang|bs-Arab|ـت}}
| style="line-height:150%;padding:10px;font-size:220%;" | {{lang|bs-Arab|ـتـ}}
| style="line-height:150%;padding:10px;font-size:220%;" | {{lang|bs-Arab|تـ}}
| style="line-height:150%;padding:10px;font-size:220%;" | {{lang|bs-Arab|ت}}
|-
| U u
| У у
| style="line-height:150%;padding:10px;font-size:220%;" colspan="2" | {{lang|bs-Arab|ـۆ}}
| style="line-height:150%;padding:10px;font-size:220%;" colspan="2" | {{lang|bs-Arab|ۆ}}
|-
| V v
| В в
| style="line-height:150%;padding:10px;font-size:220%;" colspan="2" | {{lang|bs-Arab|ـو}}
| style="line-height:150%;padding:10px;font-size:220%;" colspan="2" | {{lang|bs-Arab|و}}
|-
| Z z
| З з
| style="line-height:150%;padding:10px;font-size:220%;" colspan="2" | {{lang|bs-Arab|ـز}}
| style="line-height:150%;padding:10px;font-size:220%;" colspan="2" | {{lang|bs-Arab|ز}}
|-
| Ž ž
| Ж ж
| style="line-height:150%;padding:10px;font-size:220%;" colspan="2" | {{lang|bs-Arab|ـژ}}
| style="line-height:150%;padding:10px;font-size:220%;" colspan="2" | {{lang|bs-Arab|ژ}}
|}

'''Notes'''

{{refbegin}}
* {{note|a|a}} The diacritic beneath the {{lang|bs-Arab|ا}} appears on the letter preceding the {{lang|bs-Arab|ى}}.
* {{note|b|b}} Mustafić uses {{lang|bs-Arab|ڃ}} and {{lang|bs-Arab|ݩ}} instead of [[File:Hah_with_inverted_v_below.svg|12px]] and [[File:Noon_with_inverted_v_above.svg|14px]] for Ć ć/Ћ ћ and Nj nj/Њ њ .
* {{note|c|c}} Mustafić uses {{lang|bs-Arab|ݗ}} and Al-Zubi and Čičak-Al-Zubi use {{lang|bs-Arab|ڠ}} for Đ đ/Ђ ђ.
{{refend}}

=== Ligatures ===
Like the standard [[Arabic alphabet]], when {{lang|bs-Arab|ا}} connects to either {{lang|bs-Arab|ل}} or {{lang|bs-Arab|ڵ}} a special ligature is used instead.

{| class="wikitable" style=text-align:center
|-
! rowspan="3" | Latin
! rowspan="3" | Cyrillic
! colspan="4" | Arebica
|-
! colspan="3"|Contextual forms
! rowspan="2"|Isolated
|-
!Final
!Medial
!Initial
|-
| la
| ла
| style="line-height:150%;padding:10px;font-size:220%;" colspan="2" | {{lang|bs-Arab|ـلا}}
| style="line-height:150%;padding:10px;font-size:220%;" colspan="2" | {{lang|bs-Arab|لا}}
|-
| lja
| ља
| style="line-height:150%;padding:10px;font-size:220%;" colspan="2" | {{lang|bs-Arab|ـڵا}}
| style="line-height:150%;padding:10px;font-size:220%;" colspan="2" | {{lang|bs-Arab|ڵا}}
|}

=== Text examples ===
==== [[Universal Declaration of Human Rights]], Article 1 ====

{|
| Bosnian (Arebica):
| style="direction:rtl" | {{big|{{lang|bs-Arab|سوا ڵۆدسقا بٖىڃا راݗايۆ سە سلۉبۉدنا وٖ يەدناقا ۆ دۉستۉيانستوۆ وٖ پراوىما. ۉنا سۆ ۉبدارەنا رازۆمۉم وٖ سوۀشڃۆ وٖ ترەبا دا يەدنۉ پرەما درۆغۉمە پۉستۆپايۆ ۆ دۆحۆ براتستوا.}}}}
|-
| Bosnian (Latinica):
| ''Sva ljudska bića rađaju se slobodna i jednaka u dostojanstvu i pravima. Ona su obdarena razumom i sviješću i treba da jedno prema drugome postupaju u duhu bratstva.''
|-
| English:
| ''All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.''
|}

==== [[Tehran]] ====

{|
| Bosnian (Arebica):
| style="direction:rtl" | {{big|{{lang|bs-Arab|تَهْرَان يە غلاونٖى وٖ نايوەڃٖى غراد إِيرَانا، سەدٖىشتە تَهْرَانسقە پۉقرايٖىنە وٖ يەدان ۉد نايوەڃٖىح غرادۉوا سوۀتا.}}}}
|-
| Bosnian (Latinica):
| ''Teheran je glavni i najveći grad Irana, sjedište Teheranske pokrajine i jedan od najvećih gradova svijeta.''
|-
| English:
| ''Tehran is the capital and largest city of Iran, capital of Tehran Province and one of the largest cities in the world.''
|}

==See also==<!-- Please respect alphabetical order -->
*[[Aljamiado]]
*[[Sevdah]]
*[[Belarusian Arabic alphabet]], another script used by Slavic-speaking Muslims
*[[Chirvat-türkisi]]
*[[Gaj's Latin alphabet]]
*[[Muhamed Hevaji Uskufi Bosnevi]]
*[[:Category:Arabic alphabets]]

==External links==
* [http://www.isa-sari.com/osmanlica/?id=en Ottoman Turkish / Arabic keyboard (including Bosnian characters)]
* [https://sites.google.com/site/nasaarabica/udhr UDHR in Arebica (Bosnian)]
* Adnan Tufekčić, [http://www.spiritofbosnia.org/current-issue/arebica-in-bosnia-short-notes-and-one-review-from-the-treasury-of-bosnian-authentic-syncretism/ Arebica in Bosnia – Short Notes and One Review: From the Treasury of Bosnian Authentic Syncretism], ''Spirit of Bosnia'' No 15 (04), 2020

==References==
{{Reflist}}
* ''Enciklopedija leksikografskog zavoda'', entry: ''Arabica''. Jugoslavenski leksikografski zavod, Zagreb, 1966

{{Arabic alphabets}}
<nowiki>
[[Category:Bosnian language]]
[[Category:Arabic alphabets]]
</nowiki>