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Die Heishui Mohe (chinesisch
, Pinyin
; Mandschu: auch: Sahaliyan i Aiman, chinesisch
, Heuksu Malgal, dt. Schwarzfluss-Mohe) waren ein Stamm der Mohe in der Äußeren Mandschurei, eines Tungusischen Volkes im Gebiet des Amur (chinesisch
, Pinyin
). Heute gehört das Gebiet zu den Regionen Chabarowsk, Oblast Amur und Jüdische Autonome Oblast von Russland, sowie zu Heilongjiang in China.
Geschichte
Die südlichen Schwarzfluss-Mohe werden erstmals greifbar als Untertanen von Seon von Balhae (선왕) des Reichs Balhae. Balhae wurde von den Kitan (Liao-Dynastie) 926 n.C. erobert.
Gelegentlich werden die Heishui Mohe mit den Jurchen in Verbindung gebracht, who established Chinas Jin Dynasty in the 10th century and who later formed the core of the Manchu who established the Qing Dynasty in the 17th century. For example, by Huang Pei.[1] At the time of their notice by Chinese historians, the Jurchen inhabited the forests and river valleys of the land which is now divided between Chinas Heilongjiang Province and Russias Maritime Province,[2] outside the range of the Blackriver Mohe, and such links remain conjectural.[3]
Culture
The Mohe enjoyed eating pork, practiced pig farming extensively, and were mainly sedentary,[4] and also used both pig and wolf skins for coats. They were predominantly farmers and grew soybean, wheat, millet, and rice, in addition to engaging in hunting.[5]
Archaeological exploration
Modern archaeologists on both sides of the Amur/Heilongjiang River have made a number of conclusions about the correspondence of the discovered archaeological cultures to the ethnic groups known from ancient records. According to Russian archaeologists, prior to about the second half of the 7th century AD the Lesser Khingan mountain range formed a natural boundary between two groups of archaeological cultures. West of the range, the Talakan Culture (талаканская культура) was succeeded by the Mikhailovskaya Culture (михайловская культура), which has been identified with the Mongolic-speaking Shiwei people. East of the range, the Poltsevo Culture (польцевская культура) and the Naifeld Group (найфельдская группы, also known as Tongzhen Culture based on the findings on the Chinese side of the River) of the Mohe Culture was found; the latter was identified with the Tungusic Heishui Mohe people.[6]
According to the archaeological evidence, during the late 7th century through 10th century AD, some Naifeld-Culture Heishui Mohe migrated west of the range (to the section of the Amur Valley west of the Bureya River, and possibly also into the Nen River basin), absorbing the indigenous population of the area (which is evidenced e.g. by the presence of the ornaments associated with the autochthonous Mikhailovskaya Culture on the ceramics of the Neifeld [Heishui Mohe] people who had migrated into the Mikhailovskaya's former area). Modern researchers surmise that the migration of some of the Mohe people west of the range during the late 7th - early 8th century may have been caused by the pressure from the Balhae further south.[6]
Another Mohe group, the Sumo Mohe from the Sungari Valley migrated to the Western Amur Valley at roughly the same time as well. Which Mohe group arrived to the region first remains the subject of a dispute, hinging on radiocarbon and stratigraphic dating of various sites.[6]
There is some archaeological evidence for the migration of the Sumo Mohe to the northeast, to the coast of the Sea of Okhotsk as well, namely, apparent influence of the Neifeld Culture found in the ceramics of the Tokarevo Culture of the latter region.[6]
Chieftains
- Nishuliji (chinesisch 倪屬利稽, PinyinNíshǔlìjī) around 722.
- Gao Ziluo / Go Jara (chinesisch 高子羅, PinyinGāo Zǐluó), defected to Goryeo with 170 men in February 921.
- A-gu-lang / A-eo-han (chinesisch 阿於閒, PinyinĀyúxián), defected to Goryeo with 200 men in April 921.
- Adoutuofu / Adutabul (chinesisch 阿豆陀弗), paid tribute to Hyeonjong of Goryeo in 1021.
See also
- Mohe people
- Mohe, Heilongjiang - city in contemporary China
- History of Manchuria
- Balhae
Einzelnachweise
- ↑ Huang Pei: New Light on the Origins of the Manchu. In: Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies. Vol. 50, No. 1, Juni 1990: S. 239-82.
- ↑ Elliott 2001: S. 47
- ↑ Elliott 2001: S. 48
- ↑ Gorelova 2002, S. 13-4.
- ↑ Gorelova 2002, S. 14.
- ↑ a b c d С.П. Нестеров (S.P. Nesterov) ПУТИ И ВРЕМЯ МИГРАЦИИ ХЭЙШУЙ МОХЭ В ЗАПАДНОЕ ПРИАМУРЬЕBitte entweder wayback- oder webciteID- oder archive-is- oder archiv-url-Parameter angeben (The routes and timing of the migration of the Heishui Mohe into the western Amur valley) Vorlage:In lang
Literatur
- Ulhicun Aisin Gioro, Shi Jin: Manchuria from the Fall of the Yuan to the rise of the Manchu State (1368-1636). Abgerufen am 10. März 2014.
- Mark C. Elliott: The Manchu Way: The Eight Banners and Ethnic Identity in Late Imperial China. Stanford, Stanford University Press 2001. [1] ISBN 0804746842
- Liliya M. Gorelova (Hrsg.): Handbook of Oriental Studies. Section 8 Uralic & Central Asian Studies, Manchu Grammar, Band Volume Seven Manchu Grammar. Brill Academic Pub, 2002, ISBN 9004123075 (Abgerufen am 6. Mai 2014).
[[Kategorie:Mandschu-Tungusische Ethnie]] [[Kategorie:Historische Ethnie in China]] [[Category:Jurchens]] [[Category:Ancient peoples of China]] [[Category:History of Manchuria]] [[Category:Mohe peoples]]
