Benutzer:GeorgPleger/Donut-Ökonomie
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Indicators
Social foundations
The social foundations are inspired by the social aims of the Ziele_für_nachhaltige_Entwicklung of the United Nations.[1] These are:
- Ernährungssicherheit und nachhaltige Landwirtschaft
- Gesundheit und Verbesserung der Hygiene
- Bildung
- Einkommen und Beschäftigung
- Frieden und Gerechtigkeit
- Demokratie
- Social equity
- Geschlechtergerechtigkeit
- Wohnen
- Sozialkapital
- Energie
- Wassersicherheit
Ökologische Obergrenzen
Die neun ökologischen Obergrenzen sind übernommen von ... The nine ecological ceilings are from the planetary boundaries put forward by a group of Earth-system scientists led by Johan Rockström and Will Steffen.[1] These are:
- Klimawandel — the human-caused emissions of greenhouse gasses such as carbon dioxide and methane trap heat in the atmosphere, changing the Earth's climate.
- Versauerung der Ozeane — when human-emitted carbon dioxide is absorbed into the oceans, it makes the water more acidic. For example, this lowers the ability of marine life to grow skeletons and shells.
- Stratosphärischer Ozonabbau — some economic activity emits gases that damage the Earth's ozone layer. Because the ozone layer shields Earth from harmful radiation, its depletion results for example in skin cancer in animals.
- Atmosphärische Aerosolbelastung — the emission of aerosols (small particles) has a negative impact on the health of species. It can also affect precipitation and cloud formation.
- Einbringung neuartiger Substanzen — releasing toxic materials into nature decreases biodiversity and lowers the fertility of animals (including humans).
- Biogeochemische Kreisläufe — inefficient or excessive use of fertiliser leads to the fertilizer running off to water bodies, where they cause algae blooms which kills underwater life.
- Süßwasserverbrauch — using too much freshwater dries up the source which may damage the ecosystem and be unusable after.
- Landnutzungsänderung — converting land for economic activity (such as creating roads and farmland) damages or removes the habitat for wildlife, removes carbon sinks and disrupts natural cycles.
- Planetare_Grenzen#Unversehrtheit_der_Biosphäre_(ehemals_Biodiversitätsverlust) — economic activity may cause a reduction in the number and variety of species. This makes ecosystems more vulnerable and may lower their capacity of sustaining life and providing ecosystem services.
- ↑ a b Kate Raworth: Doughnut Economics: Seven Ways to Think Like a 21st Century Economist. White River Junction, Vermont 2017, ISBN 9781603586740, S. 254, OCLC 961205457.
