Benutzer:KPetal/Jing Fang

aus Wikipedia, der freien Enzyklopädie
Dieser Artikel (Jing Fang) ist im Entstehen begriffen und noch nicht Bestandteil der freien Enzyklopädie Wikipedia.
Wenn du dies liest:
  • Der Text kann teilweise in einer Fremdsprache verfasst, unvollständig sein oder noch ungeprüfte Aussagen enthalten.
  • Wenn du Fragen zum Thema hast, nimm am besten Kontakt mit dem Autor KPetal auf.
Wenn du diesen Artikel überarbeitest:
  • Bitte denke daran, die Angaben im Artikel durch geeignete Quellen zu belegen und zu prüfen, ob er auch anderweitig den Richtlinien der Wikipedia entspricht (siehe Wikipedia:Artikel).
  • Nach erfolgter Übersetzung kannst du diese Vorlage entfernen und den Artikel in den Artikelnamensraum verschieben. Die entstehende Weiterleitung kannst du schnelllöschen lassen.
  • Importe inaktiver Accounts, die länger als drei Monate völlig unbearbeitet sind, werden gelöscht.

Vorlage:ChineseText

Jing Fang (chinesisch 

京房

, Pinyin

Jīng Fáng

, W.-G.

Ching Fang

, 78–37 BC), born Li Fang (李房), courtesy name Junming (君明), was born in present-day 東郡頓丘 (Puyang, Henan) during the Han Dynasty (202 BC – 220 AD). He was a Chinese music theorist, mathematician and astrologer. Although better known for his work in musical measurements, he also accurately described the basic mechanics of lunar and solar eclipses.

Yijing

The historian Ban Gu (32–92 AD) wrote that Jing Fang was an expert at making predictions from the hexagrams of the ancient Yijing.[1] A book on Yijing divination attributed to him describes the najia method of hexagram interpretation, which correlates their separate lines with elements of the Chinese calendar.[2]

Music theory

According to the 3rd century historian Sima Biao, Jing Fang received an appointment as an official in the Music Bureau under Emperor Yuan of Han (r. 48–33 BC).[1]

Jing Fang was the first to notice how closely a succession of 53 just fifths approximates 31 octaves. He came upon this observation after learning to calculate the pythagorean comma between 12 fifths and 7 octaves (this had been published ca. 122 BC in the Huainanzi, a book written for the prince of Huainan),[3] and extended this method fivefold to a scale composed of 60 fifths, finding that after 53 new values became incredibly close to tones already calculated.

He accomplished this calculation by beginning with a suitable large starting value ()[4] that could be divided by three easily, and proceeded to calculate the relative values of successive tones by the following method:

  1. Divide the value by three.
  2. Add this value to the original.
  3. The new value is now equal to of the original, or a perfect fourth, which is equivalent to a perfect fifth inverted at the octave. (Alternatively he would subtract from the interval, equivalent to a perfect fifth down, in order to keep all of the values greater than 177147, or less than 354294, its double, effectively transposing them all into the range of a single octave.)
  4. Proceed now from this new value to generate the next tone; repeat until all tones have been generated.

To produce an exact calculation, some 26 digits of accuracy would have been required.[5] Instead, by rounding to about 6 digits, his calculations are within 0.0145 cents of exactness, which is a difference much finer than is usually perceptible. The final value he gave for the ratio between this 53rd fifth and the original was —.[5]

This value would later be calculated precisely by Nicholas Mercator in the 17th century (see: history of 53 equal temperament).

Astronomy

He was also an advocate of the theory that the light emanating from the spherical Moon (as seen from Earth) was merely a reflection of sunlight. This was known as the 'radiating influence' theory in ancient China, which stated that the light of the moon was merely the light reflected from the sun, and that the celestial bodies were spherical. This accurate theory was dismissed by the philosopher Wang Chong (27–97 AD), yet embraced by the mathematician, inventor and scientist Zhang Heng (78–139 AD).

Jing Fang stated:

Vorlage:Cquote

Death

It is recorded that he was executed by beheading in the marketplace in 37 BC under the Emperor's orders after he allegedly slung false accusations at a high official for infringing upon the law.[1]

See also

Notes

Vorlage:Reflist

References


[[Category:Chinese music theorists]] [[Category:Ancient Chinese astronomers]] [[Category:Chinese astrologers]] [[Category:Ancient Chinese mathematicians]] [[Category:Han dynasty philosophers]] [[Category:1st-century BC philosophers]] [[Category:78 BC births]] [[Category:37 BC deaths]] [[Category:Executed Han dynasty people]] [[Category:Han dynasty musicians]] [[Category:Han dynasty politicians from Henan]] [[Category:People executed by the Han dynasty by decapitation]] [[Category:Politicians from Puyang]] [[Category:Executed people from Henan]] [[Category:Political office-holders in Hebei]] [[Category:Musicians from Henan]] [[Category:Scientists from Henan]] [[Category:1st-century BC executions]] [[Category:Ancient astrologers]] [[Category:I Ching]]

  1. a b c McClain and Ming, 208.
  2. Fung, Yu-lan; A History of Chinese Philosophy; Princeton University Press
  3. McClain and Ming, 207.
  4. McClain and Ming, 213.
  5. a b McClain and Ming, 212.