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Boeing Phantom Works
- Unternehmen 2.600 Mitarbeiter. en:Phantom Works
Geschichte
Projekte
- X-32 Joint Strike Fighter
- X-45 UCAV
- X-37 Advanced Technology Demonstrator
- Pelican ULTRA
- X-48 Blended Wing Body demonstrator
- X-53 Active Aeroelastic Wing
- Bird of Prey stealth fighter UAV demonstrator
- Bell Boeing Quad TiltRotorQuad TiltRotor in Zusammenarbeit mit Bell Helicopter)
- F/A-XX sixth generation fighter concept
- Boeing A160 Hummingbird UAV helicopter
Quellensammlung
LD 20.Mai 2010
Siehe auch
- Lockheed Advanced Development Projects Unit: Skunk Works, eine ähnliche Forschungsabteilung von Lockheed Martin
Weblinks
Boeing Phantom Works (englisch)
Quellen
[[Kategorie:Boeing]]
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[[ja:ファントムワークス]]
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Marskolonisation
Quellensammlung
- Alle chemischen Elemente, die von irdischesn Lebewesen gebraucht werden sind vorhanden.[1]
- Only the cloud tops of Venus are closer in terms of habitability to Earth than Mars is.[2]
- There are natural settings on Earth where humans have explored that match most conditions on Mars. The highest altitude reached by a manned balloon ascent, a record set in May 1961, was 34,668 meters (113,740 feet).[3]
- The pressure at that altitude is about the same as on the surface of Mars.[4]
- On March 21, 2007, in remarks at JPL's High-Tech Conference for Small Business, NASA Deputy Administrator Shana Dale said, "We also hope to discover if Mars can provide a second home for humans—an extension of our civilization—40 million miles from Earth."[5]
- It may be possible to terraform Mars to allow a wide variety of living things, including humans, to survive unaided on Mars' surface.[6]
- The Mars Odyssey spacecraft carried an instrument, the Mars Radiation Environment Experiment (MARIE), to measure the dangers to humans. MARIE found that radiation levels in orbit above Mars are 2.5 times higher than at the International Space Station. Average doses were about 22 millirads per day (220 micrograys per day or 0.08 gray per year.)[7]
- Much remains to be learned about space radiation. In 2003, NASA's Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center opened a facility, the NASA Space Radiation Laboratory, at Brookhaven National Laboratory that employs particle accelerators to simulate space radiation. The facility will study its effects on living organisms along with shielding techniques.[8]
- There is some evidence that this kind of low level, chronic radiation is not quite as dangerous as once thought; and that radiation hormesis occurs.[9]
- The consensus among those that have studied the issues is that radiation levels, with the exception of the SPEs, that would be experienced on the surface of Mars, and whilst journeying there, are certainly a concern, but are not thought to prevent a trip from being made with current technology.[10]
- Shortening the travel time below about six months requires higher delta-v and an exponentially increasing amount of fuel, and is not feasible with chemical rockets, but could become feasible with advanced spacecraft propulsion technologies not in current use, such as VASIMR,[11] and nuclear rockets, the latter of which could potentially cut the trip time down to about two weeks.[12]
- During the journey the astronauts are subject to radiation, which requires a means to protect them. Cosmic radiation and solar wind cause DNA damage, which increases the risk of cancer significantly. The effect of long term space travel in the interplanetary space is unknown, but scientists estimate up to 19% probability for male persons to die of cancer because of the radiation during the journey to Mars and back to Earth. Together with the base probability of 20% for a male person on Earth to die from cancer this gives a probability of 39%. For women the probability is even higher due to their larger glandular tissues.
- Landing piloted missions on Mars will require braking and landing systems different from anything used to land crewed spacecraft on the Moon or robotic missions on Mars.[14]
- Space elevators to land men and materials on Mars are possible with current materials.[15]
- A space elevator on Phobos has also been proposed.[16]
- Telephone conversations or Internet Relay Chat between Earth and Mars would be highly impractical due to the long time lags involved. NASA has found that direct communication can be blocked for about two weeks every synodic period, around the time of superior conjunction when the Sun is directly between Mars and Earth.[17]
- Colonization requires the establishment of permanent bases that have potential for self-expansion. A famous proposal for building such bases is the Mars Direct plan, advocated by Robert Zubrin.[12]
- Another main inter-Martian trade good during early colonization could be manure.[18]
- Geothermal energy is also suspected in the equatorial regions.[19]
- The Mars Gravity Biosatellite experiment was due to become the first experiment testing the effects of partial gravity, artificially generated at 0.38 g to match Mars gravity, on mammal life, specifically on mice, throughout the life cycle from conception to death.[20]
- Mars' escape velocity is 5 km/s, which, though less than half that for Earth, is reasonably high compared to the Moon's 2.38 km/s or the negligible escape velocity of most asteroids.[21]
- There is likely to be little economic return from the colonization of Mars whilst Lunar and Near Earth Asteroid industry is likely to be exporting to Earth.[22]
Quellen
- ↑ A Mars/Earth Comparison. In: nasa.gov. 21. April 2004, abgerufen am 28. Mai 2010 (englisch).
- ↑ http://gltrs.grc.nasa.gov/reports/2002/TM-2002-211467.pdf
- ↑ centennialofflight.gov
- ↑ sablesys.com
- ↑ Remarks as Prepared for Delivery By the Honorable Shana Dale, NASA Deputy Administrator (PDF) NASA.
- ↑ Technological Requirements for Terraforming Mars
- ↑ http://hacd.jsc.nasa.gov/projects/space_radiation_marie_references.cfm MARIE reports and data
- ↑ bnl.gov
- ↑ Robert Zubrin: The Case for Mars: The Plan to Settle the Red Planet and Why We Must. Touchstone, 1996, ISBN 0-684-83550-9, S. 114–116.
- ↑ Robert Zubrin: The Case for Mars:The Plan to Settle the Red Planet and Why We Must. Touchstone, 1996, ISBN 0-684-83550-9, S. 117–121.
- ↑ NASA Tech Briefs - Variable-Specific-Impulse Magnetoplasma Rocket
- ↑ a b Robert Zubrin: The Case for Mars: The Plan to Settle the Red Planet and Why We Must. Touchstone, 1996, ISBN 0-684-83550-9.
- ↑ NASA: Space radiation between Earth and Mars poses a hazard to astronauts.
- ↑ Nancy Atkinson: The Mars Landing Approach: Getting Large Payloads to the Surface of the Red Planet. 17. Juli 2007. Abgerufen am 18. September 2007.
- ↑ Space Elevator - Chapter 7: Destinations
- ↑ Space Colonization Using Space-Elevators from Phobos Leonard M. Weinstein
- ↑ marsrovers.jpl.nasa.gov
- ↑ Lovelock, James and Allaby, Michael, "The Greening of Mars" 1984
- ↑ http://www.users.globalnet.co.uk/~mfogg/fogg1996.pdf
- ↑ Mars Gravity Biosatellite
- ↑ Welcome to the Planets
- ↑ The Case For Space
ScienceBlogs in online–Medien
Die folgenden Links berichten über die ScienceBlogs, oder einzelne Autoren.
SB allgemein
- SB in der NYT [1]
Blogger
PZMyers - Pharyngula
unkontrolliert
- Pass the Politics, Please: Science Blogs Peppered with Commentary, in the Online Journalism Review, 4/13/06
- Aetiology: A Blog in Search of Intelligent Science, in Medscape, 5/3/06
- Who Benefits from Science Blogging?, in Hypothesis, Sept. 2006
- Seed and ScienceBlogs Receive Awards for Science Journalism, PR Newswire, 12/22/06
- Bloglife: Uncertain Principles, in PhysicsWeb, January 2007
- Can Blogs Make Science Cool?, in NPR Marketplace, 1/19/07
- ScienceBlogs Network Reviewed, in Blogcritics Magazine, Jan-Feb 2007
- Discovery Finds Its Way a Click at a Time: Bloggers Work to Make Science Sexy, in The News & Observer, 1/21/07 (also picked up by Houston Chronicle)
- Science Bloggers Avoid the Spinach Dip Brush-Off, in Inkling, 1/24/07
- Sharing Science in Virtual World, in The Baltimore Sun, 2/1/07
- Scientists Must Improve Communication Tactics, Science Article Proclaims, in Genetic Engineering & Biotechnology News, 4/5/07
- Framing Science, by Chris Mooney and Matt Nisbet, in Science, 4/6/07
- ScienceBlogs reviewed on Trinifar Blog, 4/11/07
- Storm in a Teacup or Dark Conspiracy? (The Shelley open-access controversy), in NatureNetworks blog, 4/26/07
- For Blogger: A Threat, Then an Apology, in The Scientist, 5/2/07
- Scientists Enter the Blogosphere, in Cell, 5/4/07
- Bloggers Unite (review of The Open Laboratory), in Nature, 6/14/07
- Defending Science in the Face of Controversy, in Medscape, 7/10/07
- Saving American Science, in Time Magazine's (Michael Lemonick's) Eye on Science blog, 7/11/07
Einzelnachweise
- ↑ Science Blogs as a Vehicle for Upscale Ads, in The New York Times, 20.01.06
- ↑ Part 1, 11.04.2007
- ↑ Part 2, 16.04.2007
- ↑ Serbian Immigrant Ponders Links Between Politics and Science, in Medscape, 01.02.2006
- ↑ Science Blogger Bora Zivkovic, in Nature (online), 22.01.2007
- ↑ A Young Bush Appointee Resigns His Post at NASA, (Nick Anthis uncovers NASA scandal on his blog in The New York Times), 8.02.2006
- ↑ A PR Scandal Rocks NASA, (Nick Anthis uncovers NASA scandal on his blog) in The Houston Chronicle, 08.02.2006
- ↑ Blogwatch, (Nick Anthis uncovers NASA scandal on his blog) in Time, 12.02.2006
- ↑ Nick Anthis mentioned, in the LA Times, 22.08.2007
- ↑ You Are Not Good Enough (about Rob Knop), in The Chronicle of Higher Education, 16.07.2007
- ↑ Quit Academe and You, Too, Could Win a Major Award (about Rob Knop), in The Chronicle of Higher Education, 7/25/07
- ↑ Rob Knop featured in News in Brief, in Nature, 7/26/07
- ↑ Interview with Tara Smith of Iowans for Science. Abgerufen am 17. Mai 2010.
- ↑ aetiology: Tara Smith auf Twitter. Abgerufen am 17. Mai 2010.
- ↑ Review of Pharyngula, in The Weblog Review, Datum unbekannt, abgerufen 27.10.2009
- ↑ Nature 442, 05.07.2006