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Die Balangiga bells sind drei church bells that were taken by the United States Army from the Church of San Lorenzo de Martir[1] in Balangiga, Eastern Samar, Philippines, as war trophies after reprisals following the Balangiga massacre in 1901 during the Philippine–American War. One church bell was in the possession of the 9th Infantry Regiment at Camp Red Cloud, their base in South Korea,[2][3] while two others were on a former base of the 11th Infantry Regiment at Francis E. Warren Air Force Base in Cheyenne, Wyoming.[4]

People representing the Catholic Church in the Philippines, the Philippine government, and the residents of Balangiga had sought to recover the bells since the late 1950s, but their efforts were met with frustration for decades. Progress in negotiations was made in 2018, and the bells finally returned to the Philippines on 11 December 2018, after 117 years.[5]

Geschichte

Die Balangiga Church was dedicated in 1854 to Roman martyr San Lorenzo, and the town probably took four years to raise funds to acquire its first church bell.[6][7] It was cast around 1853 and bears the Franciscan coat of arms.[8] It has a mouth diameter of Vorlage:Convert inches and height of Vorlage:Convert. The following inscription appears on this bell: "R. San Francisco Año El 1853" ("R. San Francisco The Year 1853"). R. San Francisco could have been the parish priest at that time,[9] or the term may represent Religioso de San Francisco, a reference to the name of the religious order of Franciscans.[7]

The second bell was cast around 1889 with a mouth diameter of 27.75|in and height of 27.5|in. The town acquired it in 1889 through the initiative of Fr. Agustin Delgado, whose name is inscribed on it.[9] The following inscription appears on this bell: "Se Refundio Siendo Cura Parroco El M.R.P.F[lower-alpha 1] Agustin Delgado Año 1889". The bells were referred to as campanas colgantes in Spanish, meaning "hanging bells". These are usually hung from a beam and are rung using a rope attached to the clapper.[1]

The third and smallest bell may have been acquired in 1895 through the initiative of Fr. Bernardo Aparicio. Estimates of its size deduce a 23|in to 24|in height and a mouth diameter of 20|in. It bears the Franciscan emblem.[3] The following inscription appears on this bell: "Se Refundio Siendo Parroco P. Bernardo Aparicio Año 1895". Bells of this type are known as esquila (small bell) or Campana de vuelo, literally a "flight bell" used to sound warning in times of peril. The Spanish word refundió means that the bell had been recast from scrap bronze.[1]

Galerie

  • 1853 Balangiga bell

  • 1889 Balangiga bell

  • 1895 Balangiga bell

Das Balangiga Massaker

Vorlage:HAUPTARTIKEL Am 28. September 1901, a group of Filipino villagers from Balangiga ambushed Company C of the 9th U.S. Infantry Regiment while they were at breakfast, killing 48 and wounding 22 of the 78 men of the unit, with only four escaping unhurt and four missing in action. The villagers captured about 100 rifles and 25,000 rounds of ammunition. An estimated 20 to 25 of them died in the fighting, with a similar number of wounded.[10]

U.S. soldiers of Company C, 9th Infantry Regiment pose with one of the Balangiga bells seized as war trophy. Calbayog, Samar, April 1902.
The signal bell displayed in the Madison Barracks at Sackets Harbor, New York station of the 9th US Infantry Regiment at the turn of the 20th century. This bell was later moved to Camp Red Cloud in Korea.
Two bells exhibited at Fort D.A. Russel (now Francis E. Warren Air Force Base) ca. 1910[11]

In reprisal, General Jacob H. Smith ordered that Samar be turned into a "howling wilderness" and that they shoot any Filipino male above ten years of age[10] who was capable of bearing arms. The American soldiers seized three church bells from the town church and moved them back to the United States as war trophies. The 9th Infantry Regiment maintained that the single bell in their possession was presented to the regiment by villagers when the unit left Balangiga on 9 April 1902. The bell had been actually given to them by the 11th Infantry Regiment, which had taken all three bells when they left Balangiga for Tacloban on 18 October 1901.[12]

Smith and his primary subordinate, Major Littleton Waller of the United States Marine Corps, were both court-martialled for illegal vengeance against the civilian population of Samar. Waller was acquitted of the charges. Smith was found guilty, admonished and retired from service, but charges were dropped shortly after. He was later hailed as a war hero.[13]

Removal to the United States

After the Balangiga massacre, the town was recaptured on 29. September 1901 durch 55 men of Company G, 9th Infantry. That unit departed the town the same day and was replaced by 132 men from Companies K and L of the 11th Infantry Regiment which garrisoned the town until relieved on 18 October 1901. When the 11th Infantry departed, they took the bells removed from the burned-down Balangiga church and a cannon from the plaza in front of the church. The bells were taken because one had been used by the Filipinos to signal the attack on Company C, 9th Infantry[14] and because the metal could have been turned into weapons such as cannons and bayonets. All three bells remained under the charge of quartermaster Captain Robert Alexander at their Tacloban headquarters.[1]

The small signal bell was the bell that signaled the attack against American troops by the Filipinos in the Balangiga massacre.[8] The 11th Infantry gave it to the 9th Infantry Regiment at their headquarters in Calbayog a few months before the 9th Infantry's departure for home.[1] They arrived in San Francisco on 27 June 1902. The unit was returned to its old Madison Barracks in Sackets Harbor, New York where they built a brick pedestal to display it. In 1928, it was moved to Fort Lewis in Tacoma, Washington. The bell was later kept at the 2nd Infantry Division Museum in Camp Red Cloud, Uijeongbu, South Korea. It had previously been displayed at the unit's Camp Hovey headquarters.[12]

The 11th Infantry left the Philippines in February 1904 taking the two larger bells with them and redeployed to Fort D.A. Russell in Wyoming on 23 March 1904. On 16 May 1905, the Cheyenne Daily Leader reported that the cannon had been mounted on the parade ground near the flagpole along with other relics from the Philippines "to include the famous bell which gave the signal for the massacre of a whole company. Two large bells three feet tall and a seven-foot cannon were proudly displayed in front of the flagpole on the parade ground of the fort."[14]

A sign was installed over one of the bells:

„“[15]

The sign erroneously credited units of the 11th Infantry with being the first to reach Balangiga after the battle, but it was changed in 1911 giving proper credit to Company G, 9th Infantry for recapturing Balangiga.[14] The 11th Infantry reposted to Texas in 1913, leaving the two large bells behind.

In 1927, Fort D.A. Russell was renamed Fort Francis E. Warren. The Army left Fort Francis E. Warren in 1941, again leaving the bells where they were. On 7 October 1949, the former Army base became Francis E. Warren Air Force Base, and the bells became artefacts in the collection of the National Museum of the United States Air Force.[1] In 1967, Colonel Robert J. Hill, commander of the 90th Missile Wing, had a curved red brick wall constructed in the F. E. Warren AFB trophy park for the bells, with a bronze plaque on the wall between them telling the story of the massacre at Balangiga.

1987, a faint inscription was visible on the back of both bells, reading:

„“[16]

1979, it was discovered that a bronze cannon that was also taken from Balangiga had been cast in London in 1557 and bore the monogram of Mary I of England.[17][1] 2001 a glass case housed the bells along with the 400 year-old Falcon cannon.[18][19]

Rückgabe-Bemühungen

Im November 1957 schrieb Fr. Horacio de la Costa of the Department of History at the Ateneo de Manila University wrote a letter to the Thirteenth Air Force's command historian Chip Wards at Clark Air Force Base stating that the bells belonged to the Franciscans and that they should be returned to the Philippines. This is the earliest record of Filipino interest in the Balangiga bells.[1] The following year, a group of American Franciscans based in Guihulngan, Negros Oriental again wrote Wards stating that the two large bells were Franciscan.[8]

1987 erhielt Tomas Gomez III, then serving as Consul General of the Philippine Consulate in Honolulu, Hawaii received correspondence from John Witeck concerning the bells. Walter Kundis, a friend of Witeck's, had discovered the bells at the Francis E. Warren Air Force Base in Wyoming. Witeck also wrote Hawaii Senator Spark Matsunaga, seeking his assistance in having the bells returned to the Philippines. Senator Matsunaga in turn wrote the Department of the Air Force, but received a negative reply.[20]

„“[21]

The administration of Philippine President Fidel Ramos initiated attempts to recover one or more of the bells from Bill Clinton's administration in the mid-1990s.[22][23] The United States government has been adamant that the bells are US government property, that it would take an Act of Congress to return them, and that the Catholic Church has no say in the matter. The Catholic Bishops' Conference of the Philippines hold the position that the bells are inappropriate as trophies of war.[4] In 1998, Ramos proposed casting two new bells, then having each country keep an original and a duplicate. Philippine Ambassador to the United States Raul Rabe visited Cheyenne, Wyoming twice, trying to win support for this proposal. He was not successful.[24]

2002, the Philippine Senate approved Senate Resolution No. 393, authored by Aquilino Pimentel Jr. and urging the Arroyo administration to undertake formal negotiations with the United States for the return of the bells.[2] In 2005, Bishop of Borongan Samar, Bishop Leonardo Medroso, and Balangiga parish priest Saturnino Obzunar wrote an open letter addressed to President George W. Bush, the United States Congress, and the Helsinki Commission requesting them to facilitate the return of the bells.[25] That same year, the Wyoming Veterans’ Commission favored the return of the Filipino-American War relics, but Wyoming Governor Dave Freudenthal stated that he disagreed with the Commission and opposed returning the bells.[26] Am 13. Januar 2005, Congressman Bob Filner introduced H.Res.313 urging the President to authorize the transfer of ownership of one of the bells to the people of the Philippines. The resolution died on 3 January 2007 with the adjournment of Congress. On 26 September 2006, Congressmen Bob Filner, Dana Rohrabacher, and Ed Case co-sponsored House Concurrent Resolution No. 481 urging the President to authorize the return of the church bells,[27] but it died on 3. Januar 2009 with the adjournment of Congress.

2007 Napoleon Abueva, the Philippines' National Artist for sculpture, wrote American Ambassador to the Philippines Kristie Kenney asking for her help in the bells' recovery.[28] Senator Manny Villar filed Senate Resolution No. 177 on October 25, a resolution "expressing the sense of the Senate for the return to the Philippines of the Balangiga Bells which were taken by the US troops from the town of Balangiga, Province of Samar in 1901".[29]

„“[30]

The townspeople of Balangiga asked the United States to return the church bells when they received relief from the U.S. military after Typhoon Haiyan hit the town in 2013.[31] President Duterte demanded the bells' return in his State of the Nation Address on 24. Juli 2017,[32][33] aber did not raise the issue in a bilateral meeting with President Donald Trump in November 2017 during the 31st ASEAN Summit.[34] Im Februar 2018, politicians Randy Hultgren and Jim McGovern objected to the bells being returned to the Philippines due to the current human rights record established by Duterte's Philippine Drug War.[35] The bells were restored and returned by December 2018.[36][37]

Repatriation

„“[38]

The two Balangiga bells in Wyoming after removal from display at F. E. Warren AFB

During the 2017 ASEAN Summits, Philippine Secretary of National Defense Delfin Lorenzana met with United States Secretary of Defense Jim Mattis, and Lorenzana raised the issue of the Balangiga bells. Mattis made a personal commitment to secure the bells' return in a meeting with Philippine President Rodrigo Duterte, and he then sought legislation to enable the legal repatriation of the bells.[39] Philippine Ambassador to the United States Babe Romualdez, however, disclosed in an interview with CNN Philippines that President Duterte personally told Mattis to return the bells during the ASEAN Summit meeting in Clark, Pampanga im Oktober 2017.[40]

The US National Defense Authorization Act was changed as a result of the 2017 lobbying efforts of Dr. Henry B. Howard and lobbying firms hired by him to expressly permit the return of the Balangiga bells by giving Secretary of Defense Mattis the authority to decide on the matter. In August 2018, Secretary Mattis informed Congress that the Department of Defense intended to return the bells to the Philippines.[41] That month the US Embassy in the Philippines issued a statement that the Department of Defense had notified Congress that it planned to return the bells to the Philippines at an unspecified date.[42] The U.S. Department of Defense subsequently announced that the two bells at the Francis E. Warren Air Force Base would be turned over by Secretary Mattis to the Ambassador of the Philippines Jose M. Romualdez on 15 November 2018 in Cheyenne, Wyoming. The third bell in South Korea was also ready for repatriation.[43] The two bells in Wyoming were then shipped to Philadelphia for restoration work at the expense of Dr. Howard before being sent to Japan, where they joined the third bell.[44]

Am 10. Dezember 2018, all three church bells were in Kadena Air Base in Japan awaiting repatriation to the Philippines.[45] The next morning, the US Embassy in the Philippines stated that the bells were on board a US Air Force Lockheed C-130 Hercules on the way to Manila.[46]

Ankunft in Manila

The Balangiga bells on display during a repatriation ceremony at Villamor Air Base. The left bell had been kept by the Army's 9th Infantry Regiment at Camp Red Cloud in South Korea; it is the smallest of the three. The bell in the center is the largest; it and the right bell had been displayed at the F.E Warren Air Force Base's Trophy Park in Cheyenne, Wyoming.
The Balangiga bells on display during a repatriation ceremony at Villamor Air Base. The left bell had been kept by the Army's 9th Infantry Regiment at Camp Red Cloud in South Korea; it is the smallest of the three. The bell in the center is the largest; it and the right bell had been displayed at the F.E Warren Air Force Base's Trophy Park in Cheyenne, Wyoming.

The bells arrived in the Philippines at Villamor Air Base on 11 December 2018;[5] and were returned to the Balangiga Church on 15 December 2018.[47] While in Manila, the bells were put on display at the Philippine Air Force Aerospace Museum until 14. Dezember.[48]

Am 13. Dezember 2018, Borongan Bishop Crispin Varquez released a statement objecting to the proposal embodied in Philippine Senate Resolution No. 965 introduced by Senator Juan Miguel Zubiri on 6 December 2018 which urged the Philippine government to place one of the three bells in the National Museum of the Philippines in Manila, "to be shared with the Filipino people". The representatives of the Catholic Church stated that the bells are historical artifacts, but they are also sacred objects that "call the faithful to prayer and worship" and therefore rightfully belong in a church.[49] Zubiri characterized the statement as "arrogant"; National Museum director Jeremy Barns expressed sadness over the incident, and stated that the National Museum had not been involved in Zubiri's resolution, nor had they been informed about it before the fact.[50]

Rückkehr nach Samar

The bells were airlifted by a Philippine Air Force C-130 plane to the nearby town of Guiuan, arriving on 14. Dezember.[51] These were then delivered to Balangiga in a two-hour journey via road.[52] The bells were then turned over to the Balangiga town the next day. In a ceremony attended by President Rodrigo Duterte, the transfer certificate was given to Mayor Randy Graza. Duterte then rang one of the bells, and remarked that the credit for the return of the bells "goes to the American people and the Filipino people".[53]

The three church bells were returned to the San Lorenzo de Martir Parish Church in the afternoon of 15. Dezember 2018.[54] On Sunday the next day before dawn, one of the bells was rung for Simbang Gabi for the first time in the church since 1901.[55]

The successful campaign to return the bells came about due to lobbying efforts of Dr. Henry B. Howard to change the 2018 National Defense Appropriations Act and the implementation of such changes by U.S. Deputy Assistant Secretary of Defense Dr. Joseph Felter.[56][57] Subsequent to these efforts, support of veterans organizations, including the Veterans of Foreign Wars and the American Legion, although not a legal requirement of the 2018 National Defense Appropriations Act, emerged with both organizations passing resolutions supporting the return of the Balangiga bells after the changes to the 2018 National Defense Appropriations Act and the announcement by Secretary Mattis that the bells would be returned. Rolando Borrinaga and former United States Navy officers Brian Buzzell,[58] Dennis Wright, and Dan McKinnon are described as those who "campaigned to have the bells repatriated" via lobbying of the veterans organizations;[59] these same American ex-servicemen had spearheaded the recovery from West Point in 2016 of another church bell taken in 1901 from the Saints Peter and Paul Church in Bauang, La Union.[60] The Balangiga Research Group's work was important in convincing US veterans to support the effort to return the bells.[61] The group includes Borrinaga, British journalist Bob Couttie, and E. Jean Wall, the daughter of Adolph Gamlin, an American soldier of the 9th Infantry who survived the Filipino attack in 1901.[62]

Gegenmeinungen

Eugenio Roy Daza, the grandson of Captain Eugenio Daza, a member of Vicente Lukbán's staff who helped organize the surprise attack on the 9th Infantry garrison in 1901, claims that based on the memoirs of his grandfather and on documents he found in US archives, the American soldiers took but a single bell; the bells that had been displayed in Wyoming came not from the Balangiga Church, but from other churches in the Philippines.[63][64]

Einzelnachweise

  1. ↑ a b c d e f g h McKinnon Jr., Daniel W.: The Bells of San Lorenzo de Martir. (PDF) 2018. Abgerufen im 9 December 2018.
  2. ↑ a b Voluntary Return of One Balangiga Bell by US Seen. Archiviert vom Original am 17 May 2011. Abgerufen im 20 March 2008.
  3. ↑ a b Rolando Borrinaga: Solving the Balangiga bell puzzle. Archiviert vom Original am 22 October 2009. Abgerufen im 19 March 2008.
  4. ↑ a b Leonardo Y. Medroso: The Bells of Balangiga: An Appeal for Support. Catholic Bishops' Conference of the Philippines. Archiviert vom Original am 3 June 2010. Abgerufen im 19 March 2008.
  5. ↑ a b Balangiga Bells back in Philippines after 117 years, ABS-CBN News. 11 December 2018. 
  6. ↑ About Balangiga. In: Municipality of Balangiga .
  7. ↑ a b Carl Jaime Bordeos: Historian confirms: Franciscans made Balangiga bells. Catholic Bishops' Conference of the Philippines. 12 December 2018. Abgerufen im 14 December 2018.
  8. ↑ a b c Michael Charleston Chua: The Bells of Balangiga: From war trophy to goodwill symbol. ABS-CBN News 17. November 2018.
  9. ↑ a b Rolando Borrinaga: Solving the Balangiga bell puzzle. Philippine Daily Inquirer. S. A14 . 11. August 2001.
  10. ↑ a b Veltisezar Bautista: The Balangiga, Samar, Massacre. Archiviert vom Original am 26 February 2008. Abgerufen im 20 March 2008.
  11. ↑ G. B. Dobson: Fort D. A. Russell Photos. Abgerufen am 16. Dezember 2018.
  12. ↑ a b Seth Robson: Book casts doubt on bell's history. In: Stars and Stripes, 7 July 2004. Abgerufen im 21. März 2008. 
  13. ↑ Philippine Insurrection, 1899-1902: A Working Bibliography. In: Ibiblio.org . Abgerufen am 20. März 2008.
  14. ↑ a b c Gerald M. Adams: The F.E. Warren Air Force Base War Trophies from Balangiga, P.I. In: Annals of Wyoming vol. 59, 1 Spring 1987: 29–38.
  15. ↑ This bell hung in the church at Balangiga, Samar, PI, and rung the signal for the attack on Company C, 9th U.S. Infantry, Sept 29, 1901. Taken by Company L, 11th Infantry and detachment of Company K, 11th Infantry, the first units to reach the scene after the massacre. Gerald M. Adams: The F.E. Warren Air Force Base War Trophies from Balangiga, P.I. In: Annals of Wyoming vol. 59, 1 Spring 1987: 29–38.
  16. ↑ USED BY PHILIPPINOSVorlage:Sic TO SOUND SIGNAL FOR MASSACRE OF COMPANY "C" NINTH INFANTRY AT BALANGIGA P.l. 28TH SEPTEMBER 1901 Gerald M. Adams: The F.E. Warren Air Force Base War Trophies from Balangiga, P.I. In: Annals of Wyoming vol. 59, 1 Spring 1987: 29–38..
  17. ↑ Warren ICBM and Heritage Museum | title =English Falcon Cannon | url=http://www.warrenmuseum.com/2016/10/09/english-falcon-cannon/ 9. Oktober 2016 | accessdate = 16 December 2018
  18. ↑ Griver Mead: For Whom the Bells Toll. AsianWeek.com 11. Oktober 2001.
  19. ↑ Fact Sheets:F.E. Warren History | url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070209015025/https://www.warren.af.mil/library/factsheets/factsheet.asp?id=4696%7C accessdate = 16 December 2018.
  20. ↑ Buddy Gomez: OPINION: Bells of Balangiga: Antecedents to the retrieval. ABS-CBN News 30. Oktober 2017.
  21. ↑ By sharing the bells, we share the agonies they represent, and then we can close this chapter of our history. |author = Domingo Siazon Jr., Philippine Secretary of Foreign Affairs |source = quoted from the Los Angeles Times, 1998. David Lamb: Bells of Balangiga Take Toll on Ties. In: Los Angeles Times 8. May 1998.
  22. ↑ The Saga of the Balangiga Bells. Archiviert vom Original am 21 January 2010. Abgerufen im 20 March 2008.
  23. ↑ The Bells of Balangiga Revisited. In: Philnews.com . Abgerufen im 19 March 2008.
  24. ↑ Referenzfehler: Ungültiges <ref>-Tag; kein Text angegeben für Einzelnachweis mit dem Namen lamb.
  25. ↑ Jaime Pilapil: Balangiga bells to be returned to RP soon. In: Manila Standard Today. 14. November 2005.
  26. ↑ Joseph Lariosa: US vets group wants to return Balangiga Bells to RP. In: The Filipino Express. 14. April 2005.
  27. ↑ Sonny Sampayan: Bells of Balangiga Resolution filed in U.S. Congress. In: Samar News.com, 29. September 2006.
  28. ↑ [ http://www.philstar.com/Article.aspx?articleId=8426 Help return Balangiga bells.] Philstar Global Corp. 26. Juli 2007.
  29. ↑ Manuel Villar: 14th Congress - Senate Resolution No. 177. 20. März 2008 dead.
  30. ↑ Give us back those Balangiga bells. They are ours. They belong to the Philippines. They are part of our national heritage. Isauli naman ninyo. Masakit 'yan sa amin. (Please return it. That is painful for us.) |author = Rodrigo Duterte, Philippine President |source = quoted from his State of the Nation Address, 24 July 2017 Esmaquel II | first =Paterno | title =Give us back Balangiga bells, Duterte tells U.S. | publisher = Rappler | date = 24 July 2017 | url = https://www.rappler.com/nation/176576-sona-2017-philippines-duterte-us-balangiga-bells | accessdate = 11 December 2018.
  31. ↑ Nathan Layne: Please can we have our bells back? Philippine town asks U.S. Reuters 21. November 2013.
  32. ↑ Duterte to US: Return Balangiga bells. Sunstar Philippines, Manila 24. Juli 2017.
  33. ↑ Balangiga’s lasting relevance of people’s uprising will haunt Duterte. Sunstar Philippines, 1. August 2017.
  34. ↑ Pia Ranada: Duterte doesn't raise Balangiga bells with Trump. Rappler 14. November 2017.
  35. ↑ Gaea Katreena Cabico: US solons object return of Balangiga bells to Philippines due to human rights concerns. In: The Philippine Star, 7. Februar 2018.
  36. ↑ US returns war trophy bells to Philippines. France 24, 11. Dezember 2018.
  37. ↑ 117 years on, US returns war-trophy bells to Philippines. Al Jazeera 11. Dezember 2018.
  38. ↑ The history of these bells spans the entire relationship between the United States and the Philippines. In the process, they have touched many lives. And their return underscores the enduring friendship between our countries, our shared values, and shared sacrifices. |author = Sung Kim, US Ambassador to the Philippines |source = quoted from his remarks at the Ceremony of the Return of the Balangiga Bells, 11 December 2018. Remarks by Ambassador Sung Kim at the Ceremony of the Return of the Balangiga Bells. Embassy of the United States, Manila. 11. Dezember 2018.
  39. ↑ Sung Kim: Returning the Balangiga bells. In: The Philippine Star 11. Dezember 2018.
  40. ↑ Xave Gregorio: How Balangiga bells were given back to PH. CNN Philippines. 6. Dezember 2018.
  41. ↑ Joyce Ann L. Rocamora: US Defense decides to return Balangiga Bells to PH: Embassy. Philippine News Agency, 12. August 2018.
  42. ↑ Neil Jerome Morales: U.S. to return colonization era church bells to the Philippines. Reuters 12. August 2018.
  43. ↑ Don Tagala: Balangiga Bells to begin journey home to the Philippines. ABS-CBN News. 12. November 2018.
  44. ↑ Return of Balangiga Bells Shows Deep RP-US Friendship. - Gordon; Senate of the Philippines 18. November 2018.
  45. ↑ Aika Rey: Balangiga Bells in Japan before return to the Philippines. Rappler. 10. Dezember 2018.
  46. ↑ Balangiga Bells headed to Manila for historic homecoming. ABS-CBN News. 11. Dezember 2018.
  47. ↑ Consuelo Marquez: Town in frenzy over return of Balangiga bells after 117 years. Philippine Daily Inquirer. 9. Dezember 2018.
  48. ↑ Francis Wakefield: Balangiga bells on display at PAF Aerospace Museum. Manila Bulletin. 2018-12-13.
  49. ↑ Paterno Esmaquel II: Church hits bid to put one Balangiga bell in National Museum. Rappler 13. Dezember 2018.
  50. ↑ Ryan Macasero: National Museum saddened over local church's 'hot reaction' to Balangiga Bells proposal. The Philippine Star. 14. Dezember 2018.
  51. ↑ Paterno Esmaquel II: Balangiga Bells back in Eastern Samar for handover. Rappler 2018-12-14.
  52. ↑ Frances Mangosing: Balangiga Bells on final journey to homecoming. Inquirer News. 2018-12-14.
  53. ↑ HOME AT LAST: Duterte rings, kisses Balangiga bell at turnover ceremony. GMA News Online.
  54. ↑ US returns looted Balangiga church bells to Philippines. BBC. 15. Dezember 2018.
  55. ↑ Joey A. Gabieta: Balangiga bells peal again for ‘Misa de Gallo’. Inquirer News. 2018-12-17 Philippine Daily Inquirer.
  56. ↑ Babe Romualdez: Christmas bells for Balangiga. The Philippine Star. 18. November 2018.
  57. ↑ Azer Parrocha: Henry Howard hailed for role in return of Balangiga Bells. Philippine News Agency. 19. Dezember 2018.
  58. ↑ Sara Soliven De Guzman: The Bells. The Philippine Star. 10. Dezember 2018
  59. ↑ Edgar Allan M. Sembrano: Balangiga bells to be returned December. Philippine Daily Inquirer. 29. Oktober 2018
  60. ↑ Wyatt Olson: West Point returns bell taken from Philippines church 100 years ago. Stars and Stripes. 29. April 2016
  61. ↑ Edgardo J. Angara: The Balangiga Bells (Part 2). Manila Bulletin. 29. Juli 2017
  62. ↑ Ronaldo O. Reyes: Historic church bells finally arrive in PH after 117 years. Sun.Star Tacloban. 11. Dezember 2018.
  63. ↑ Patrick Quintos: Make sure US returns authentic bell, Balangiga hero's grandson tells government. ABS-CBN News. 14. August 2018.
  64. ↑ Emmanuel Tupas: Guerrilla grandson to gov’t: Ensure Balangiga bells’ return. The Philippine Star. 15. August 2018.

Weblinks

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