Benutzer:Shi Annan/National Federation Party
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| The National Federation Party (NFP) | |
|---|---|
| NFP-logo.png | |
| Parteiführer | Biman Prasad |
| Gründung | November 1968 |
| Parlament von Fidschi | Wahlerfolge: 0/71 (10. Parlament, 2006–2014) |
3/50 (11. Parlament, 2014–2018) | |
3/51 (12. Parlament, 2018– ) | |
| Website | nfpfiji.org/ |
Die National Federation Party ist eine Partei in Fidschi. Sie wurde im November 1968 von Ambalal Dahyabhai Patel (A. D. Patel) gegründet und entstand als Zusammenschluß der Federation Party und der National Democratic Party. Obwohl sie ihrem eigenen Anspruch nach offen für alle Bürger von Fidschi war, bestand die Mitgliederschaft anfangs fast ausschließlich aus Indo-Fijians (Findians), deren Vorfahren hauptsächlich als Indentured Labourers zwischen 1879 und 1916 nach Fidschi gekommen waren. Erst bei der Parlamentswahl in Fidschi 2018 erlebte die Partei einen bedeutenden Kurswechsel, nachdem sie zahlreiche Kandidaten aufstellte, die eingeborene Fidschianer sind.
Geschichte
Gründung und die Konferenz 1965
Die Gründung der Federation Party war eine direkte Folge der Auseinandersetzung zwischen Zuckerrohr-Farmern und der Colonial Sugar Refining Company (CSR) 1960 im Bezug auf einen neuen Zuckerrohr-Vertrag (cane contract). In den Wahlen zum Legislative Council 1963 trat die Bartei unter dem Banner der Citizens Federation an. Die Partei wurden dann als Federation Party am 21. Juni 1964 mit A.D. Patel als Präsident und Sidiq Koya als Vizepräsident konstituiert. Die Vereinigung erfolgte rechtzeitig vor der Wahlen zur Verfassungsgebenden Konferenz 1965. Dort sollte ein Plan für die Unabhängigwerdung von den Briten ausgearbeitet werden. Die britische Regierung entschied ein Cross-Voting als Kompromiss zwischen den fidschianischen und den europäischen Delegierten auf der einen Seite und den Indern auf der anderen Seite durchzuführen; neun der 36 Sitze im Legislative Council sollen durch Allgemeines Wahlrecht (universal suffrage) bestimmt werden, aber zugeordnet nach Ethnien, aufgeteilt gleichmäßig unter Fidschianern, Indiern und „General Electors“ (Caucasians, Chinesen und anderen Minderheiten). Das Legislative Council wurde auf 36 Mitglieder aufgestockt, davon waren 14 Fidschianer (9 gewählt auf kommunaler Basis, 3 auf Basis von Cross-Voting und zwei nominiert durch das Great Council of Chiefs), 12 Indier (9 gewählt auf kommunaler Basis, 3 auf Basis von Cross-Voting) sowie 10 Europäer (7 gewählt auf kommunaler Basis, 3 auf Basis von Cross-Voting). Einige der unstrittigen Vorschläge der Federation Party wurden auch akzeptiert. Es wurden eine Public Service Commission, Police Service Commission und Judicial and Legal Services Commission und eine Bill of Rights erstellt.
1966 bis zum Tod von A.D. Patel
Der Ausgang der Constitutional Conference war ein Hauptthema während der Wahlen, welche die ersten Wahlen mit Parteien in Fidschi waren. Es wurde erwartet, dass die Federation Party wenigstens drei Cross-Voting-Sitze in der Western Division gewinnen würden, da dort die Mehrheit der indischen Einwohner lebten. Die Partei errang jedoch nur 9 indische kommunale Sitze. Die Alliance Party dagegen gewann 22 Sitze aber drei independents and the two Council of Chiefs nominees joined it to give it a total strength of 27. Ratu Kamisese Mara von der Alliance Party became the Chief Minister and A.D. Patel became the Leader of the Opposition.
Ethnic tensions escalated following the adoption of responsible government in 1967, when Patel's arch-rival, the Lauan chief Ratu Kamisese Mara was appointed Chief Minister on 20 September. Mara's Alliance Party was a coalition of indigenous and European factions, with minimal Indo-Fijian participation. Patel and the NFP were consigned to the opposition benches. In protest at the new government's refusal to call a second constitutional conference, Patel led the nine Federation Party legislators in a mass walkout in September 1967. Missing two consecutive sections of the Legislative Council resulted in the forfeit of their seats, forcing by-elections. The ensuing by-elections were marked by inter-ethnic violence. All nine Federation Party legislators were returned with increased majorities, winning 78.55% of the votes cast. A.D. Patel won by 7903 votes to 2772 for Manikam Pillai. There were demonstrations by ethnic Fijians and calls to not renew native land leases and extreme elements called for Indians to be deported from Fiji. Relations between the Indo-Fijian and indigenous communities were at a new low.
The Formation of the National Federation Party
In November 1968, the Federation merged with the National Democratic Party to form the National Federation Party. Patel and Koya became the President and Vice-President, respectively, of the merged party. Apisai Tora and Isikeli Nadalo, both indigenous Fijians, were leading figures in the NDP, and the merger brought well-known Fijians into the party for the first time. The attempt to position itself as a multi-racial party failed to translate into significant electoral support in the indigenous Fijian community. The NFP never succeeded in getting ten percent of the Fijian vote at any poll. It did, however, manage to elect several Fijians to what became the House of Representatives after independence in 1970, owing to cross-voting in the renamed national constituencies.
Less than a year after the founding of the NFP, Patel died suddenly on 1 October 1969. His deputy, Sidiq Koya, succeeded him as party leader.
NFP under the leadership of Sidiq Koya
NFP and Alliance work together to attain independence
The party played an important role in the negotiations that led to Fiji's independence from the United Kingdom in 1970. Their original demand for a universal franchise threatened to stall the independence process, but at a conference in London in April 1970, Sidiq Koya, eventually negotiated a compromise with Ratu Sir Kamisese Mara, the leader of the Alliance Party, the main ethnic Fijian-dominated party. According to this compromise, ethnic Fijians and Indo-Fijians would each be allocated 22 seats, with 12 representing Communal constituencies (comprising voters registered as members of a particular ethnic group) and a further 10 representing National constituencies (distributed by ethnicity but elected by universal suffrage) in the 52 member House of Representatives. A further 8 seats would be reserved for General electors (Europeans, Chinese, and other minorities); 3 of these would be "communal" and 5 "national."
With the leaders of both major ethnic groups working together for the first time in Fiji's history, the transition to independence was peaceful and the euphoria of independence continued for some time. Sidiq Koya travelled with the Prime Minister to India and the United Nations and there was talk of a coalition government. There were those within the National Federation Party (NFP) who were not happy with the close relationship between Sidiq Koya and Ratu Kamisese Mara, the most notable of whom was R. D. Patel, but for the time being dissent was not being expressed openly.
The 1972 general election
The first general election since independence was held in May 1972 without the ethnic tension characteristic of the 1966 general election and the 1968 by-elections. The NFP won only 19 of the 52 seats in the House of Representatives, with Alliance Party actually increasing its share of the Indian vote. After the election, R.D. Patel, one of Koya's critics within the NFP, was elected speaker of the House of Representatives.
Worsening relationship between Koya and Mara
From mid-1975, the relationship between Koya and Mara worsened. This was firstly due to the announcement by the Minister of Education that the Government would not subsidise school fees for non-Fijians. Sidiq Koya called this "a blatant piece of racial injustice". Secondly when a former Alliance member moved a motion calling for the repatriation of people of Indian origin back to India, Koya was not happy with the measured response of the Alliance Government and accused it of "having elements which wanted to do legally what the Fijian Nationalist Party Leader, Sakeasi Butadroka, was trying to do illegally." Thirdly, the Prime Minister rejected the recommendations of the Royal Commission which investigated the voting system, claiming that implementation of the recommendation would cause bloodshed in the country.
Split within NFP
The inability of the NFP to make significant inroads into the ethnic Fijian vote kept the party in opposition in the years following independence. In the March 1977 election, however, a split in the ethnic Fijian vote enabled the NFP to win a plurality in the House of Representatives. Internal dissension, however, prevented the party from forming a government, as the party fractured over disputes about the leadership and the allocation of ministerial positions. The Governor-General, Ratu Sir George Cakobau, reappointed the defeated Prime Minister, Ratu Mara, and ordered a new election for September that year, in which the NFP was heavily defeated. For more information, see Fiji Constitutional Crisis of 1977.
NFP under the leadership of Jai Ram Reddy
A second election to resolve the impasse was held in September that year, resulting in a heavy defeat for the NFP after it had split into two factions known as the Dove and Flower factions. Koya lost his parliamentary seat to Jai Ram Reddy, who became the new leader of the NFP. Koya's Dove faction had won only 3 seats compared to 12 won by the Flower faction.
Reddy followed a policy, which had been tried once before by Koya, that of moderation in which he sought to work with the Alliance Party to bring about change instead of resorting to the divisive policies of A.D. Patel and the later years of Koya's leadership. He enjoyed a brief period of honeymoon with the Alliance and there was again talk of a coalition. Relations between the two sides deteriorated as the Alliance used its massive majority to push through legislations seen to be anti-Indian. In 1980, after Reddy criticised, Alliance's policy of reserving Crown land for use by ethnic Fijians only, he and Ratu Kamisese Mara were no longer on speaking terms.
The NFP re-united for the 1982 elections and came close to winning the election by winning 24 seats in coalition with the Western United Front (WUF). Reddy's disagreement with the Alliance Speaker of the House led to his walkout in December 1983 and to resignation from parliament in April 1984.
Sidiq Koya's second term as party leader
Sidiq Koya, who had returned to Parliament in 1982 under a unified NFP, was elected the leader following Reddy's resignation. He was not far from controversy, and was accused of favouring his own supporters for crucial appointments within the party. He barred the NFP Youth Wing from a Working Committee meeting further raising allegations of dictatorial rule.
Internal dissension reached a climax when a Koya supporter from Ba, Dr Balwant Singh Rakkha, was selected to contest the Lautoka seat vacated by Reddy's resignation. The NFP Youth Wing, put up its own candidate, Davendra Singh, a little-known small businessman. The NFP Youth Wing had the support of the former Flower faction and also claimed Reddy's support. For his part, Reddy did not openly campaign for either candidate. During the campaign, Koya turned the election into a referendum on himself, and threatened to resign if Rakkha lost. The result was a win for Singh by a narrow margin but Koya did not go ahead with his threat.
With the emergence of Fiji Labour Party (FLP), the NFP lost further ground. In the Suva City Council election of October 1985, it failed to field any candidate and the FLP won most seats and occupied the Lord Mayor's chair. In the by-election for the North Central National Seat (based in Ba district), brought about by the resignation of Vijay R. Singh, the Alliance won by a narrow margin over the FLP candidate, Mahendra Chaudhry. NFP was placed last. In December 1985, three prominent NFP parliamentarians resigned.
With his party falling apart, Koya resigned from the leadership of the NFP and was replaced by Harish Sharma.
Coalition with FLP
For the 1987 election, therefore, they formed an electoral coalition with the Fiji Labour Party under the leadership of Timoci Bavadra, an ethnic Fijian. The coalition won the election, but the new government was overthrown a month later in a military coup led by Lieutenant Colonel Sitiveni Rabuka.
A new Constitution was promulgated, providing for a built-in ethnic Fijian majority in the legislature. This condemned the NFP to permanent opposition status. When the government agreed to revise the Constitution in 1997, however, the NFP, now led by Jai Ram Reddy, played a key role in the ensuing negotiations, which resulted in the removal of the guaranteed ethnic Fijian majority from Parliament. In the election that followed in 1999, the NFP surprised many observers by forming an electoral coalition with the Soqosoqo ni Vakavulewa ni Taukei, led by their former enemy, Prime Minister Sitiveni Rabuka. This may have been a tactical mistake: many Indo-Fijians had not forgiven Rabuka for his role in the overthrow of the Bavadra government and the subsequent drafting of a constitution that they widely considered to be racist, and the NFP, for the first time in 36 years, lost all of its seats in the House of Representatives.
2000 - 2006
The NFP contested the 2001 election, on a platform calling for the establishment of a Truth and Reconciliation Commission to look into the Fiji coup of 2000, which had deposed the elected government of Prime Minister Mahendra Chaudhry, the removal of Value added tax from basic items, reduction of telephone and postal bills, national healthcare insurance for all workers, and consolidation of the independence of the judiciary. Its fortunes sank further, however. The NFP ended up with only about ten percent of the popular vote and only one parliamentary seat – which it subsequently lost in a court challenge. The party's refusal to agree to a preference deal with its one-time ally, the Fiji Labour Party, also worked against it. (At the time, Fiji had a system of preferential voting, similar to Australia's).
There were subsequently signs of a modest revival of fortunes for the NFP. Municipal elections in October 2003, for which the party formed an electoral coalition with Prime Minister Laisenia Qarase's Soqosoqo Duavata ni Lewenivanua (SDL), gave the party control of six municipalities, either in its own right or together with the SDL. Its more significant victories included gaining control of the Nadi Town Council and re-electing Chandu Umaria as Mayor of Suva. In the 2005 municipal polls, their performance was more modest, but Ba and Nadi remained in NFP hands, while an NFP/SDL coalition retained its hold on Sigatoka. In Suva, despite losing some seats, the NFP still out-polled the Fiji Labour Party, its arch-rival for the Indo-Fijian vote.
In the early 2000s, the party attempted to modernise itself. Under the presidency of Dorsami Naidu, the party made an effort to broaden its appeal to women and the disadvantaged. On 11 April 2005, Naidu announced that the NFP now regarded itself as a multiracial party and would attempt to win the support of all ethnic communities in Fiji.
The Reconciliation, Tolerance, and Unity Bill
In 2005, the NFP was at the forefront of opposition to the government's controversial proposal to establish a Reconciliation and Unity Commission, with the power (subject to presidential approval), to grant compensation to victims of the coup d'état that deposed the elected government in 2000, and amnesty to persons convicted of offences related to it. On 14 May 2005, Naidu called legislation to establish the commission "an act of terrorism", and on 20 May he went on to call for public demonstrations against the bill, which he said was "just a cover for providing amnesty to people who committed the May 2000 coup crime acts." On 27 June, Naidu announced that the NFP had started a petition against the bill, and expected to gather 150,000 signatures. The party was sending copies of the petition, along with a statement of the party's objections to the bill in English, Fijian, and Hindustani to all schools, other organisations, and islands in Fiji. Naidu said the party was opposed not only to the amnesty provisions of the legislation, but also to its compensation provisions, saying that the taxpayer should not have to foot the bill. "Those part and parcel of the 2000 coup should have their properties seized and sold to pay compensation to those affected," Naidu said. He thought, moreover, that those wanting to claim compensation should do so through the courts. He said that the petition would be presented to the parliamentary committee on Justice, Law and Order, along with the party's submission.
Party conference, July 2005
Naidu resigned from the presidency of the party in July 2005, following his arrest on common assault and sexual assault charges. At the party's annual conference attended by more than 600 delegates in Nausori on 31 July, Raman Pratap Singh, a lawyer and former parliamentarian, was elected to replace him.
Towards 2006
A priority for the NFP was to attempt to revive sufficient support to gain Parliamentary representation in the general election scheduled for 2006. On 12 August 2005, Pramod Rae said the party was experiencing financial difficulties. Speaking on Radio Sargam, he denied perceptions that the NFP was a "rich man's party" and said that sometimes it could not afford telephone bills, and was having to go door to door asking for donations to keep it going. Many businessmen who had once supported the NFP were now supporting the Fiji Labour Party (FLP), he lamented.
Under Fiji's so-called alternative ballot system, votes cast for low-polling candidates may be transferred to higher-polling candidates, as specified by the candidates. These transferred votes are known as "preferences." Rae said on 20 August that in pursuing negotiations with other parties for exchanges of preferences, the NFP would aim to hold the centre ground in Fijian politics and would forge alliances with parties that shared its philosophy. NFP Treasurer Ashok Bal Govind said on 21 October that neither the FLP nor the SDL had "good policies," and that the NFP would wait to see whether parties with "better policies" emerged before deciding on any electoral pacts. In the end, the NFP made arrangements with FLP candidates in some constituencies, and with SDL candidates in others.
Negotiations with the SDL
At the August conference, the party decided that a preference deal with the ruling SDL in the parliamentary election scheduled for 2006 would be conditional on the government withdrawing its Reconciliation and Unity Bill. In the last election in 2001, a similar deal, which allowed votes cast for low-polling NFP candidates to be transferred to the SDL, was crucial to the SDL victory under Fiji's transferable voting system. "You are in power today because of our preferential votes NFP gave you in 2001," said Pramod Rae, the general secretary of the party. "If you are going to pass this bill, do not count on us. We will not support you if you rail road this evil bill in Parliament."
Fiji Village reported on 9 March 2006 that Prime Minister Qarase had offered the NFP Cabinet posts, assuming the party won parliamentary representation, in exchange for a preference deal.
Negotiations with the FLP
A meeting, described as a "courtesy call", took place between officials of the NFP and the FLP on 18 August 2005. Preferential voting was among the topics discussed, but no serious negotiations were entered into, with both parties indicating that such a move would be premature. Nevertheless, a flurry of media speculation followed, with several major news services reporting in early September that the two parties were close to reaching a deal. Comments by FLP officials led credence to these rumours. On 19 September, however, Pratap Singh distanced himself and his party from the speculation that a deal with the FLP was likely. The NFP did not believe that the FLP truly represented the Indo-Fijian community, he said, who had gained nothing from what he called the "confrontational" posturing of the FLP.
According to the Fiji Sun (27 February 2006), NFP trustee Attar Singh accused the FLP of having stolen the NFP's 1982 election manifesto and using it for the 1999 election. FLP Parliamentarian Lekh Ram Vayshnoi rejected the charge as false.
2006 election result
The election, which was finally held on 6–13 May 2006, was a disaster for the NFP. Its share of the popular vote fell to 6 percent, its lowest ever, and the party again failed to win parliamentary representation.
Post 2006
In 2006 the Fijian government was overthrown and the Fijian parliament dissolved in a military coup. In January 2013 the military regime promulgated new regulations governing the registration of political parties, requiring all parties to have at least 5,000 members.[1] The NFP applied for registration on 14 February,[2] becoming one of only two existing parties to do so.[3] Registration was granted on 3 May 2013.[4][5]
The NFP elected Biman Prasad, Professor of Economics at the University of the South Pacific, as its new leader in March 2014, while Roko Tupou Draunidalo, scion of a distinguished political and chiefly family, was elected President of the party. Three NFP candidates, including Prasad and Draunidalo, were returned in the 2014 elections, the first since the 2006 coup. Prasad is now the leader of NFP caucus in Parliament, Shadow Minister of Finance and Chairman of the Parliamentary Public Accounts Committee.
In June 2016, Draunidalo made remarks against the Fijian Minister for Education, Mahendra Reddy asking him if he thought the opposition side were "dumb natives" for which she was taken to the Privileges Committee who recommended that she was suspended from parliament for the remainder of the term of Parliament which ends in 2018.[6] In January 2017 she resigned from the NFP and from parliament. Her seat was taken by Parmod Chand.[7]
The party ran 51 candidates in the 2018 elections, ten of which were women.[8] It gained 33,515 votes, increasing its vote share to 7.38%, but gained just three seats.[9]
Wahlgeschichte
Parlamentswahlen
| Wahl | Stimmen | % | Sitze | +/– | Position | Regierung |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1972 | 241.866 | 33,9% | Vorlage:Composition bar | 10 | 2. | Opposition |
| März 1977 | 332.764 | 45,2% | Vorlage:Composition bar | 7 | 2. | Opposition |
| September 1977 | 320.813 | 44,3% | Vorlage:Composition bar | 11 | 2nd | Opposition |
| 1982 | 403.548 | 41,2% | Vorlage:Composition bar | 7 | 2. | Opposition |
| 1987 | 461.056
|(as part of NFP–FLP Coalition)
|
47,1% | Vorlage:Composition bar | 6 | 1. | Government |
| 1992 | 56.951 | 16,1% | Vorlage:Composition bar | 14 | 2. | Opposition |
| 1994 | 63.097 | 17,8% | Vorlage:Composition bar | 6 | 2. | Opposition |
| 1999 | 104.985 | 14,6% | Vorlage:Composition bar | 20 | Extra-parliamentary | |
| 2001 | 32.961 | 10,1% | Vorlage:Composition bar | 1 | 3. | Opposition |
| 2006 | 47.615 | 6,2% | Vorlage:Composition bar | 1 | Extra-parliamentary | |
| 2014 | 27.066 | 5,5% | Vorlage:Composition bar | 3 | 3. | Opposition |
| 2018 | 33.515 | 7,38% | Vorlage:Composition bar | 2. | 3. | Opposition |
Einzelnachweise
- ↑ Michael Field: Fiji regime cracks down on political parties. Stuff. 16 January 2013. Abgerufen im 28 January 2013.
- ↑ Tevita Vuibau: NFP files registration. Fiji Times. 15 February 2013. Archiviert vom Original am 14 August 2014. Abgerufen im 15 February 2013.
- ↑ Just two Fiji parties apply for election registration. Radio Australia. 15 February 2013. Abgerufen im 15 February 2013.
- ↑ Three of Fiji's political parties now registered. Radio New Zealand International. 2 May 2013. Abgerufen im 3 May 2013.
- ↑ Green light for NFP, FLP and SODELPA. Fiji Times. 3 May 2013. Archiviert vom Original am 9 November 2013. Abgerufen im 3 May 2013.
- ↑ Draunidalo suspended, opposition walks out. In: Newswire. Abgerufen am 4. Juni 2016: „of the term of Parliament“
- ↑ Fiji's Draunidalo quits parliament and party. RNZ. 23 January 2017. Abgerufen im 16 October 2018.
- ↑ Six political parties to contest Fijian elections. RNZ. 16 October 2018. Abgerufen im 16 October 2018.
- ↑ Talebula Kate: 2018 General Election: NFP trio to join Opposition. Fiji Times. 18 November 2018. Abgerufen im 18 November 2018.
Weblinks
[[Kategorie:Partei (Fidschi)]] [[Kategorie:Gegründet 2001]] [[Category:Political parties in Fiji]] [[Category:Fiji Indian organisations]]
