Benutzer:Shi Annan/Zhongshu Sheng
Zhongshu Sheng (chinesisch
, Pinyin
, W.-G.
, engl.: Inner/privy secretary's department, dt.: ≈ „Innere Schreibabteilung“), auch nur als Sekretariat, Zentrales Sekretariat, oder Kaiserliches Sekretariat bezeichnet, war eine Behörde der Drei Abteilungen und Sechs Ministerien, nach der Regierungsstruktur, welche offiziell mit dem Anfang der Sui-Dynastie in China eingerichtet wurde.
Geschichte
Als eine der drei Abteilungen hatte das Sekretariat die Aufgabe Anweisungen zu formulieren und alle kaiserlichen Erlasse vorzuschlagen und ins reine zu schreiben. Die Song-Dynastie modifizierte nur noch diese dreiteilige Struktur der Exekutivorgane im Zentrum der Regierung. In der Song-, wie auch in der Liao- und der Jin-Dynastie verfügten diese Ämter über einen großen Teil der Macht des Kaisers.
Unter der mongolischen Yuan-Dynastie stand das Zhongshu Sheng mit erweiterten Funktionen allein als Exekutivorgan der Verwaltung in den Wohngebieten der Yuan, da der Dynastiegründer Kublai Khan die Exekutive zentralisieren wollte. Models for it had long been part of Chinese imperial government, but now it was to function in a new context.[1] The Central Secretariat also directly governed a large territory surrounding the Yuan capital Khanbaliq (modern Beijing) known as the Central Region (腹裏, fuli), including the present-day Hebei, Shandong, Shanxi, the south-eastern part of present-day Inner Mongolia and the Henan areas to the north of the Yellow River (initially also the Mongolian steppe). Branch Secretariats (行中書省) were set up throughout the empire and were subordinated to the Central Secretariat. Branch Secretariats gradually became provincial-level administrative organizations or institutions known simply as the provinces (行省), though they were not exactly provinces in modern sense. There were 11 "regular" provinces in the Yuan dynasty.[2] The Yuan Central Secretariat was adopted by the early Ming dynasty, and the Central Secretariat was led by the Chancellor of China, although unlike the Yuan it did not directly control the Central Region. It was eventually abolished in 1380 after the last Chancellor Hu Weiyong was killed by Hongwu Emperor, the first emperor of the Ming, who later established the Grand Secretariat. The Central Secretariat was no longer set up again by later rulers of China, and the Three Departments and Six Ministries structure was officially replaced by the Six Ministries structure.
Einzelnachweise
Quellen
- Charles O. Hucker: A Dictionary of Official Titles in Imperial China. Stanford University Press, 1985, S. 194.
See also
- Grand Secretariat (literally "Inner Cabinet"), the coordinating agency of the Ming dynasty after 1380
- Zhili ("Directly-Administered" Area)
- Central Secretariat of the Communist Party of China
[[Category:Government of the Sui dynasty]] [[Category:Government of the Tang dynasty]] [[Category:Government of the Song dynasty]] [[Category:Government of the Liao dynasty]] [[Category:Government of the Jin dynasty (1115–1234)]] [[Category:Government of the Yuan dynasty]] [[Category:Government of the Ming dynasty]]
