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In mathematical psychology, a knowledge space is a combinatorial structure describing the possible states of knowledge of a human learner.[1] To form a knowledge space, one models a domain of knowledge as a set of concepts, and a feasible state of knowledge as a subset of that set containing the concepts known or knowable by some individual. Typically, not all subsets are feasible, due to prerequisite relations among the concepts. The knowledge space is the family of all the feasible subsets. Knowledge spaces were introduced in 1985 by Jean-Paul Doignon and Jean-Claude Falmagne[2] and have since been studied by many other researchers.[3][4] They also form the basis for two computerized tutoring systems, RATH and ALEKS.[5]

It is possible to interpret a knowledge space as a special form of a restricted latent class model.[6]

Definitionen

Some basic definitions used in the knowledge space approach -

  • A tuple consisting of a non-empty set and a set of subsets from is called a knowledge structure if contains the empty set and .
  • A knowledge structure is called a knowledge space if it is closed under union, i.e. whenever .[7]
  • A knowledge space is called a quasi-ordinal knowledge space if it is in addition closed under intersection, i.e. if implies . Closure under both unions and intersections gives (Q,∪,∩) the structure of a distributive lattice; Birkhoff's representation theorem for distributive lattices shows that there is a one-to-one correspondence between the set of all quasiorders on Q and the set of all quasi-ordinal knowledge spaces on Q. I.e., each quasi-ordinal knowledge space can be represented by a quasi-order and vice versa.

An important subclass of knowledge spaces, the well-graded knowledge spaces or learning spaces, can be defined as satisfying two additional mathematical axioms:

  1. If and are both feasible subsets of concepts, then is also feasible. In educational terms: if it is possible for someone to know all the concepts in S, and someone else to know all the concepts in T, then we can posit the potential existence of a third person who combines the knowledge of both people.
  2. If is a nonempty feasible subset of concepts, then there is some concept x in S such that is also feasible. In educational terms: any feasible state of knowledge can be reached by learning one concept at a time, for a finite set of concepts to be learned.

A set family satisfying these two axioms forms a mathematical structure known as an antimatroid.

Construction of knowledge spaces

In practice, there exist several methods to construct knowledge spaces. The most frequently used method is querying experts. There exist several querying algorithms that allow one or several experts to construct a knowledge space by answering a sequence of simple questions.[8][9][10]

Another method is to construct the knowledge space by explorative data analysis (for example by Item tree analysis) from data.[11][12] A third method is to derive the knowledge space from an analysis of the problem solving processes in the corresponding domain.[13]

Referenzen

Vorlage:Reflist

Kategorie:Erkenntnistheorie Kategorie:Kognitionswissenschaft

  1. Knowledge Spaces, Springer-Verlag, 1999, ISBN 3-540-64501-2.
  2. “Spaces for the assessment of knowledge”, in International Journal of Man-Machine Studies, volume 23, issue 2, 1985, DOI:10.1016/S0020-7373(85)80031-6, pages 175–196.
  3. Knowledge Spaces. Applications in Education, Springer, 2013.
  4. A bibliography on knowledge spaces maintained by Cord Hockemeyer contains over 400 publications on the subject.
  5. Introduction to Knowledge Spaces: Theory and Applications, Christof Körner, Gudrun Wesiak, and Cord Hockemeyer, 1999 and 2001.
  6. “About the connection between knowledge structures and latent class models”, in Methodology, volume 1, issue 3, 2005, DOI:10.1027/1614-2241.1.3.92, pages 92–102.
  7. Jean-Claude Falmagne, Jean-Paul Doignon: Learning Spaces: Interdisciplinary Applied Mathematics (en). Springer Science & Business Media, 10. September 2010, ISBN 9783642010392.
  8. “Extracting human expertise for constructing knowledge spaces: An algorithm”, in Journal of Mathematical Psychology, volume 37, 1993, DOI:10.1006/jmps.1993.1001, pages 1–20.
  9. “How to build a knowledge space by querying an expert”, in Journal of Mathematical Psychology, volume 34, issue 3, 1990, DOI:10.1016/0022-2496(90)90035-8, pages 311–331.
  10. “A simulation study concerning the effect of errors on the establishment of knowledge spaces by querying experts”, in Journal of Mathematical Psychology, volume 39, issue 4, 1995, DOI:10.1006/jmps.1995.1035, pages 376–382
  11. “Extracting knowledge structures from observed data”, in British journal of mathematical and statistical psychology, volume 52, issue 2, 1999, DOI:10.1348/000711099159071, pages 213–224
  12. “A method for the analysis of hierarchical dependencies between items of a questionnaire”, in Methods of Psychological Research Online[1], volume 19, 2003, pages 43–79
  13. Knowledge Spaces: Theories, Empirical Research, Applications, Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Mahwah, NJ, 1999