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Łaznowska Wola
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Łaznowska Wola (Polen)
Łaznowska Wola
Basisdaten
Staat: Polen
Woiwodschaft: Łódź
Powiat: Tomaszowski
Gmina: Rokiciny
Geographische Lage: 51° 39′ N, 19° 45′ OKoordinaten: 51° 39′ 0″ N, 19° 45′ 0″ O
Einwohner: 688 (31. März 2011[1])
Telefonvorwahl: (+48) 44
Kfz-Kennzeichen: ETM




History

Before Łaznowska Wola was founded, there had already been a small town called Helszczyna Wola in the area of the later village, at least since the beginning of the 16th century. This town was part of Łaznów parish. In 1576 there were an inn, a mill and 18 buildings in Helszczyna Wola.[2] What became of this village is unknown. It is not mentioned in the publications about Łaznowska Wola and does not seem to appear in the Prussian files about the foundation of the town. Possibly Helszczyna Wola had been deserted, because Grömbach (Łaznowska Wola) was founded "partly on grounds of good quality, and partly of intermediate quality", which is surprising in comparison to what quality of ground most of the other new settlements of that time had.[3]

In 1793, after the second partition of Poland the Łódź region became a part of Prussia and since 1800 king Frederick William III had German colonist settled in the region, most of which came from Württemberg.

The settlement founded in 1800, which was to become Łaznowska Wola, was called Grömbach by the Prussians, as it was founded by settlers who had come from the surroundings of Grömbach in Württemberg.[4] (The original plan had been to settle the families who first arrived in the forest of Sobien (Sobyn) near Zgierz of less favourable grounds.[5])

The settlers had been given six tax free years. On December 1rst, 1806 the leaseholders were supposed to pay their first rent. Due to the circumstances they were not able to pay when the day came. §15 of the settlers' contract would have allowed to free them from the rent in case of need, but it was not done. After Prussias defeat against Napoleon in 1806 the region was integrated into the newly formed Duchy of Warsaw, a satellite state of Napoleon's France. The rent had to be paid and thus many families were brought into great need. Many of the original settlers left their property and went to Volhynia or back to their original hometowns.

Times stayed difficult for the settlers of Grömbach. In 1809 the region was affected by the War of the Fifth Coalition and in 1812 the French invasion of Russia came with passing troops and requisitions and, in 1813, the dispersed troops of Napoleon returned. After this the Russians came and occupied the country and in 1815 Congress Poland was formed which stayed under Russian rule.

When the Russians came into the country in 1813, many German settlers were in a desperate situation. So the Russian state's campaign for emigration to Bessarabia was welcomed by many.[6] In 1814 and 1815 especially many families left so that some villages lost a great part of their inhabitants.[7] Amt Łaznów was affected more than other areas[8] and especially Grömbach (Łaznowska Wola), which was part of that Amt. The reason seems to be that Bernhard Boneth and Martin Voßler, the leaders of a treck that left in 1814 and consisted of 138 families, came from this town. [9][10] Most of the colonist sold their farms, however many simply left them because they were in debt or nobody wanted to buy them.[8][9]

Thus the original Swabian settlers were replaced by farmers of Pomeranian descent.[11][12]

Under Russian rule the town was renamed in Lasnowskaja Wolja – freedom of Łaznów –, because the farmers were free of services for the manor of Łaznów, from whgich developed the Polish name Łaznowska Wola.[13]

In 1825 there were 82 fireplaces (houses) in Łaznowska Wola. Ten years later there were 83 houses, but olny 78 were inhabited.[14] This is most likely a consequence of the November Uprising of 1830/31 which induced many Germanfamilies to leave this region - besides losses in population caused by famine and epidemics.[15]

At the end of the 19th century there were 82 houses in Łaznowska Wola. At that time the town belonged to gmina Mikolajów.[16]

In World War I Łaznowska Wola was affected strongly in the Battle of Łódź in 1914. When the Russian troops withdrew from Łódź, they went through Łaznowska Wola. When the inhabitants, who had taken refuge abroad, returned after 12 days, the barns and stables were depredated and the furnishings of the houses were destroyed. A barn had burned down, the church was heavily damaged and the steeple had been pulled down. In the following years the church was rebuilt.[17][18]

By the end of Mai 1937 a conflagration destroyed more than 20 properties in Łaznowska Wola.[19][20]

In the second half of the 19th century the first farms were bought by Polish farmers. This continued especially after World War I, so that, in 1939 10 of the 90 farms in Łaznowska Wola had Polish owners.[21]

The school

At the same time with the town a school was founded in which was tought in German language.[13][22] However, the first school building was soon destroyed: it burned down in August 1805.[23][24] The wooden schoolhouse, which was built after that, was also used for church services. It was turned town in 1895 and replaced by a new schoolhouse. The village school had been transformed into a primary school (in which the teacher was payed by the state) before 1866. In 1925 to 1932 the school had two classes and there was a second teacher in town, after that there was only a single classe again.[13] In 1932/33 95 children attended school, German was still teaching language.[25]

The filial church

When the town was founded the building of a church had been part of the plans. A cost estimate was accepted in July 1805, but the political situation changed - the Prussians left the region in 1806 - and the church was not built. [23] So the people of Łaznowska Wola (Grömbach) became part of the protestant parish of Brzeziny and used their schoolhouse for church services. In 1856 the protestants of the town planned to found a parish, but their application to do so was rejected.[26] However, about 1868 they still built a church.[27][28] In 1903 they tried to found a filial church, again without success.[26]

Finally on Jan. 1rst, 1928, the filial church of Łaznowska Wola was founded to which the following towns belonged: Cisów, Łaznów, Nowe Chrusty, Pogorzałe Ługi (all had belonged to parish Brzeziny before), Będków (before parish Piotrków Trybunalski, Karpin and the mill in Kozica, gmina Czarnocin (both of parish Pabianice).[29]

The priests responsible for the filial church of Łaznowska Wola were

Eduard Kneifel (1928)
Ernst Ludwig (1929–1930)
Adolf Doberstein (1930–1932)
Wilhelm Ostermann (1932–1945)[20]

Historical descriptions of the town

Kossmann describes the town as follows: Being civil servants of the Prussian state the officials [in 1800] had prepared exactly half a hundred plots in two parallel rows in the wood. [...] In 1801 the colony was enlargened. Twenty-one small plots for crofters of 10 Morgen size were created. A few years later seven more of these small plots were added.[30]

Heike gives a similar description: The town was created as Linear settlement, a form preferred by the Prussian administration: Two linear streets of 5 km length run parallel to each other at a distance of about one kilometer from south to north; in theit southern part they are crossed by another linear street. Along the two main streets Hufner farms [larger farms] were created, the crofters' plots were along the street crossing the two main streets.[31]

In another text he writes as follows: There is a draft [of the town planned] added to the report of v. Colomb [the Prussian official of settlement]. According to this plan the town is to consist of fifty farms of two Hufen each. Of the plots 24 and 25 at the crossing of the roads 10 Morgen are to be separated, to be used as follows:

6 Morgen for the priest,
1 Morgen for a small church,
4 Morgen for the school,
3 Morgen for the smithy,
4 Morgen for the shepherds house and the common orchard,
2 Morgen for the cemetery.[32]

Kneifels descriptin of Łaznowska Wola in 1933 differs in some details: The town was arranged along three linear streets. The largest farms were along the main street that went from north to south; parallel to this is a second street called "Zehnmorgen" [= ten Morgen] along which smaller farmers settled. These two linear streets have a lenght of about 5 km. A third street of 1 1/2 km length crosses them from the main street to the east. The inhabitants call it "Querlinie" [= crossing line] along which leads the road from Tomaszów to Lodz. On this street there are only small plots.[13]

Inhabitants

1825: 732 inhabitants[14]
1835: about 521 inhabitants (78 colonists + 323 family members + ca. 30 % farm hands)[14][33]
end of 19th century: 986 inabitants[16]
in 1935 there were still about 840 Germans living in Łaznowska Wola[34]

Literature

  • Grömbach - Łaznowska Wola, in: Otto Heike: 150 Jahre Schwabensiedlungen in Polen 1795–1945. Leverkusen 1979, S. 40–60
  • Filialgemeinde Łaznowska Wola, in: Eduard Kneifel: Das Kirchspiel Brzeziny. Zur 100jährigen Jubiläumsfeier der ev.-luth. Kirche in Brzeziny am 10. September 1933, Brzeziny 1933, S. 79–83
  • FILIAL ŁAZNOWSKA-WOLA, in: Eduard Kneifel: Die evangelisch-augsburgischen Gemeinden in Polen 1555–1939. Vierkirchen 1971, S. 149f.
  • Grömbach, in: Oskar Kossmann: Ein Lodzer Heimatbuch, Hannover 1967, S. 85–87
  • Brandes Detlef: Von den Zaren adoptiert, Die deutschen Kolonisten und die Balkansiedler in Neurussland und Bessarabien 1751-1914
  • Schriften des Bundesinstituts für Kultur und Geschichte der Deutschen im östlichen Europa, Bd. 2, R. Oldenbourg Verlag, München, 1993, ISBN 978-3-486-56014-5

Weblinks

Fußnoten

  1. ↑ GUS 2011: Ludność w miejscowościach statystycznych według ekonomicznych grup wieku (polnisch), 31. März 2011, abgerufen am 6. Juli 2017
  2. ↑ Słownik geograficzny Królestwa Polskiego i innych krajów słowiańskich, tome XII, p 790
  3. ↑ Otto Heike: 150 Jahre Schwabensiedlungen in Polen 1795–1945. Leverkusen 1979, p 41.
  4. ↑ Otto Heike: 150 Jahre Schwabensiedlungen in Polen 1795–1945. Leverkusen 1979, p 51.
  5. ↑ Otto Heike: 150 Jahre Schwabensiedlungen in Polen 1795–1945. Leverkusen 1979, p 40.
  6. ↑ Oskar Kossmann: Die Deutschen in Polen seit der Reformation. Marburg 1978, p 310.
  7. ↑ Albert Breyer: Die deutschen Dörfer der Umgegend von Lodz. mit Karte Deutsche Siedlungen der Umgegend von Lodz. in: Deutsche Monatshefte in Polen, Zeitschrift für Geschichte und Gegenwart des Deutschtums in Polen, Jahrgang 2 (12), Heft 5/6, November/Dezember 1935, p 204.
  8. ↑ a b Oskar Kossmann: Deutsche mitten in Polen. Unsere Vorfahren am Webstuhl der Geschichte. Berlin/Bonn 1985, p 156.
  9. ↑ a b Oskar Kossmann: Deutsche mitten in Polen. Unsere Vorfahren am Webstuhl der Geschichte. Berlin/Bonn 1985, p 157.
  10. ↑ Otto Heike: 150 Jahre Schwabensiedlungen in Polen 1795–1945. Leverkusen 1979, p 53f.
  11. ↑ Herkunft der bessarabischen Familien: Die Warschauer Kolonisten. 3. August 2007. Abgerufen am 27. September 2011.
  12. ↑ Otto Heike: 150 Jahre Schwabensiedlungen in Polen 1795–1945. Leverkusen 1979, p 54.
  13. ↑ a b c d Filialgemeinde Łaznowska Wola, in: Eduard Kneifel: Das Kirchspiel Brzeziny. Zur 100jährigen Jubiläumsfeier der ev.-luth. Kirche in Brzeziny am 10. September 1933, Brzeziny 1933, p 79.
  14. ↑ a b c Oskar Kossmann: Die Deutschen in Polen seit der Reformation. Marburg 1978, p 371.
  15. ↑ Oskar Kossmann: Die Deutschen in Polen seit der Reformation. Marburg 1978, p 331.
  16. ↑ a b Słownik geograficzny Królestwa Polskiego i innych krajów słowiańskich, tome V, p 624
  17. ↑ Filialgemeinde Łaznowska Wola, in: Eduard Kneifel: Das Kirchspiel Brzeziny. Zur 100jährigen Jubiläumsfeier der ev.-luth. Kirche in Brzeziny am 10. September 1933, Brzeziny 1933, p 81.
  18. ↑ Otto Heike: 150 Jahre Schwabensiedlungen in Polen 1795–1945. Leverkusen 1979, p 55.
  19. ↑ Otto Heike: 150 Jahre Schwabensiedlungen in Polen 1795–1945. Leverkusen 1979, p 57.
  20. ↑ a b Eduard Kneifel: Die evangelisch-augsburgischen Gemeinden in Polen 1555–1939. Vierkirchen 1971, p 150.
  21. ↑ Otto Heike: 150 Jahre Schwabensiedlungen in Polen 1795–1945. Leverkusen 1979, p 56.
  22. ↑ Otto Heike: 150 Jahre Schwabensiedlungen in Polen 1795–1945. Leverkusen 1979, p 48.
  23. ↑ a b Oskar Kossmann: Ein Lodzer Heimatbuch, Hannover 1967, p 86.
  24. ↑ Otto Heike: 150 Jahre Schwabensiedlungen in Polen 1795–1945. Leverkusen 1979, p 50.
  25. ↑ Filialgemeinde Łaznowska Wola, in: Eduard Kneifel: Das Kirchspiel Brzeziny. Zur 100jährigen Jubiläumsfeier der ev.-luth. Kirche in Brzeziny am 10. September 1933, Brzeziny 1933, p 83.
  26. ↑ a b Filialgemeinde Łaznowska Wola, in: Eduard Kneifel: Das Kirchspiel Brzeziny. Zur 100jährigen Jubiläumsfeier der ev.-luth. Kirche in Brzeziny am 10. September 1933, Brzeziny 1933, p 80.
  27. ↑ Eduard Kneifel: Die evangelisch-augsburgischen Gemeinden in Polen 1555–1939. Vierkirchen 1971, p 149.
  28. ↑ In a different place (1933) Kneifel writes that the church was built in 1863/64, however, this is what he later found out.
  29. ↑ Filialgemeinde Łaznowska Wola, in: Eduard Kneifel: Das Kirchspiel Brzeziny. Zur 100jährigen Jubiläumsfeier der ev.-luth. Kirche in Brzeziny am 10. September 1933, Brzeziny 1933, p 81f.
  30. ↑ Oskar Kossmann: Ein Lodzer Heimatbuch, Hannover 1967, p 85f.
  31. ↑ Otto Heike: 150 Jahre Schwabensiedlungen in Polen 1795–1945. Leverkusen 1979, p 49.
  32. ↑ Otto Heike: 150 Jahre Schwabensiedlungen in Polen 1795–1945. Leverkusen 1979, p 43.
  33. ↑ Oskar Kossmann: Die Deutschen in Polen seit der Reformation. Marburg 1978, p 294.
  34. ↑ Karte Verbreitung der Deutschen und ihres ländlichen Grundbesitzes im Lodzer Raum, in: Oskar Kossmann: Lodz. Eine historisch-geographische Analyse, Würzburg 1966.


Category:Cities and towns in Łódź Voivodeship

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