Gesetz zum Schutz der mazedonischen nationalen Ehre

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Statut des Gerichts, veröffentlicht in der Zeitung Nova Makedonija, Nr. 28, vom 3. Januar 1945

Das Gesetz zum Schutz der mazedonischen nationalen Ehre (mazedonisch Закон за заштита на македонската национална чест) war ein Ende 1944 von der Regierung der Sozialistischen Republik Mazedonien (kurz SR Mazedonien) verabschiedetes Gesetz. Das Präsidium der Antifaschistischen Versammlung für die Nationale Befreiung Mazedoniens (ASNOM) richtete ein Sondergericht zur Durchführung dieses Gesetzes ein, das am 3. Januar 1945 in Kraft trat.[1][2][3][4] Dieser Beschluss wurde auf der zweiten Sitzung dieser Versammlung vom 28. bis 31. Dezember 1944 gefasst.[5] Dem Gesetz folgten die Ereignisse um das Blutige Weihnachten (1945).

Das Tribunal sollte die Kollaborateure der bulgarischen Besatzer, die den mazedonischen Nationalnamen und die mazedonische Nationalehre niedergelegt haben, verurteilen. Diese Maßnahmen gelten als Teil des Versuchs, eine ethnische und politische mazedonische Identität vom benachbarten Bulgarien und der historischen bulgarischen Gemeinschaft des Osmanischen Reiches zu unterscheiden, zu der beide gehörten. Zudem beschleunigte dieses Gesetz den Prozess der Nationenbildung im damaligen jugoslawischen Mazedonien.[6][7]

Geschichte

Hintergrund

Während des Zweiten Weltkriegs annektierte Bulgarien die jugoslawische Banschaft Vardar, die den größten Teil des heutigen Nordmazedonien umfasst. Die Bulgaren wurden von den meisten Einheimischen als Befreier von der serbischen Herrschaft begrüßt und feierlich empfangen, da damals die probulgarischen Gefühle dominierten.[8][9][10][11][12] Nachdem Bulgarien sich auf die Seite der Achsenmächte gestellt hatte, verlor es den Krieg, und die letzten bulgarischen Truppen zogen sich im November 1944 aus der Region zurück. Am Ende des Zweiten Weltkriegs waren im jugoslawischen Mazedonien die mazedonischen Nationalgefühle bereits reif, obwohl es nicht klar ist, inwieweit sich die mazedonischen Slawen von den Bulgaren unterscheiden.[13][14][15][16][17] Um die verbliebenen bulgarophilen Gefühle auszulöschen, ergriffen die neuen kommunistischen Behörden schwere Maßnahmen und Repressalien. Die Aufgabe bestand auch darin, alle Organisationen aufzulösen, die sich der Jugoslawien-Idee widersetzten.

Zweck

Der Zweck des Gesetzes bestand darin, die neue mazedonische Nation von Bulgarien zu unterscheiden, da die Differenzierung von Bulgaren als Bestätigung dafür angesehen wurde, dass die Mazedonier eine separate ethnische Gemeinschaft waren. Im jugoslawischen Mazedonien war es den Einheimischen verboten, die bulgarische Identität offen zu verkünden. Ebenso wurde die Verwendung der bulgarischen Standardsprache verboten.[18] Laut Dejan Djokić war es erst nach 1944 in der Region Strumica erlaubt, sich zur bulgarischen Identität zu bekennen.[19] Das Gebiet um Strumica war Teil der sogenannten bulgarischen Westgebiete,[20] die bis 1919 zu Bulgarien gehörten.[21] Allerdings durften sich laut Georgi Fotew nur Migranten aus dem serbischen Teil der Westgebiete als Bulgaren erklären.[22] In der Zeit zwischen 1945 und 1991, als Nordmazedonien zu Jugoslawien gehörte, gab es eine Migration der bulgarischen Bevölkerung aus der SR Serbien in die SR Mazedonien,[23] die nach inoffiziellen Schätzungen auf 20.000 betrug.[24]

Implementierung und Funktion

Am 3. Januar 1945 veröffentlichte die offizielle kommunistische Zeitung Nova Makedonija das neu verabschiedete Gesetz über den Prozess der Verbrechen gegen die mazedonische Nationalehre.[25] Das Gesetz sah eine Reihe von Sanktionen vor: Entzug der bürgerlichen Rechte, Freiheitsstrafe mit Zwangsarbeit, Einziehung von Eigentum und in Fällen, in denen die Angeklagten zum Tode verurteilt werden könnten, war vorgesehen, sie an einen "zuständiges Gericht".[26] Das Gesetz gilt auch für Gebiete, die von Italien und Albanien besetzt wurden. Das Gesetz ist ein Präzedenzfall in der europäischen Rechtsgeschichte, da eine solche Gesetzgebung auch in der Volksrepublik Slowenien, die während des Krieges einer erzwungenen Italianisierung und Germanisierung unterzogen wurde, nicht erlassen wurde. Auch die mazedonischen Serben wurden nicht vor Gericht gestellt, obwohl einige von ihnen mit den Achsenmächten kooperierten. Führer der mazedonischen Kommunistischen Partei, die sich in der einen oder anderen Kriegsperiode als Bulgaren erklärten, wie Lazar Koliševski,[27] Mihajlo Apostolski,[28] Blaže Koneski, Lazar Mojsov[29] und andere wurden nicht strafrechtlich verfolgt.

Auswirkung

Das Gesetz ermöglichte die Verurteilung jugoslawischer Bürger aus der SR Mazedonien wegen der Zusammenarbeit mit den bulgarischen Behörden im Zweiten Weltkrieg, die das mazedonische Territorium des Königreichs Jugoslawien als eine der Achsenmächte besetzt hatten, wegen probulgarischer Sympathien und wegen der Ablehnung der neuen mazedonischen Nationenbildung.[30][31]

Dies wurde als Anfechtung des Status Mazedoniens als Teil der neukommunistischen Sozialistischen Föderativen Republik Jugoslawien und als Kampf für die von der Inneren Mazedonischen Revolutionären Organisation (IMRO) angestrebte Konzeption eines unabhängigen Mazedoniens angesehen.[32][33] Etwa 100.000 probulgarische Mazedonier wurden wegen Gesetzesverstößen inhaftiert und Anfang 1945 über 1.260 von ihnen getötet.[34][35] Dabei handelte es sich eher um öffentlichkeitswirksame Schauprozesse, als um der Gerechtigkeit verpflichtet zu sein.[36] Während gelegentliche Versuche während des gesamten Zeitraums weiterhin das Gesetz in Kraft war, nahm der Großteil von ihnen in den späten 1940er Jahren statt.[37] Das Gesetz beeinflusste neue Generationen, um mit starken antibulgarischen Gefühlen aufzuwachsen,[38] die auf die Ebene der Staatspolitik stiegen.[39][40] Einige Opfer waren Aktivisten, die versuchten, die Idee eines unabhängigen Mazedoniens, möglicherweise beeinflusst von bulgarophilen Neigungen, auf unterschiedliche Weise zu verwirklichen. Dazu gehörten Metodija Andonov-Čento,[41] Spiro Kitintschew, Dimitar Gjuzelow und Dimitar Tschkatrow.[42][43]

Neuzeit

Aufgrund der uneinheitlichen und verwirrenden rechtlichen Regelung dieses Gesetzes ist bis zu seinem Inkrafttreten nicht ganz klar, wie lange es wirklich in Kraft war. Obwohl einige Forscher glauben, dass es bis 1991 in Kraft blieb, als das heutige Nordmazedonien die Unabhängigkeit vom ehemaligen Jugoslawien erlangte,[44][45][46] einer juristischen Analyse mazedonischer Nichtregierungsaktivisten zufolge ist es viel wahrscheinlicher, dass es im Februar 1948 abgeschafft wurde.[47] Dieses Volk, das an seiner bulgarischen Identität festhielt, stieß bei den Behörden und der übrigen Bevölkerung auf große Feindseligkeit. Durch die starken Repressionen in der Zeit des Kalten Kriegs und den während Titos Regierungszeit verbreiteten behördlichen Hass wurden antibulgarische Ressentiments ein wichtiger Bestandteil des mazedonischen Nationalismus.[48] Auf diese Weise ist im Laufe der Zeit die bulgarische Komponente der ethnischen Identität der slawischsprachigen Bevölkerung in Vardar-Mazedonien verschwunden.[49][50] Laut dem bulgarischen Europaabgeordneten Andrej Kowatschew ist es ein Schlag gegen das Konzept einer mazedonischen Nation, ein Bulgare in Nordmazedonien zu sein. Seiner Meinung nach herrscht immer noch Schweigen über eine Reihe von antibulgarischen historischen Ereignissen, einschließlich dieses Gesetzes.[51]

Siehe auch

Einzelnachweise

  1. ↑ Chris Kostov: Contested Ethnic Identity: The Case of Macedonian Immigrants in Toronto, 1900–1996. Peter-Lang-Verlagsgruppe, 2010, ISBN 9783034301961, S. 84–85.
  2. ↑ Vanče Stojčev: Bugarskiot okupaciski sistem vo Makedonija, 1941-1944 (mazedonisch). Grigor Prličev, 1996, ISBN 9789989661310.
  3. ↑ Крсте Битовски, Бранко Панов: Историја на македонскиот народ, Том 3 (mazedonisch). Institute of National History, 2003, ISBN 9989624763.
  4. ↑ Makedonski arhivist, Volumes 11-12 (mazedonisch). Društvo na arhivskite rabotnici i arhivite vo SR Makedonija, 1981.
  5. ↑ Гласник на Институтот за национална историја, Volume 19 (mazedonisch). Institute of National History, 1975, S. 59.
  6. ↑ Кочанковски, Јован, Битола и Битолско во Народноослободителната и антифашистичка воjна на Македонија (1941–1945), том 2: 1944–1945, S. 427.
  7. ↑ Stefan Troebst: Das makedonische Jahrhundert: von den Anfängen der nationalrevolutionären Bewegung zum Abkommen von Ohrid 1893–2001. Ausgewählte Aufsätze; (2007) Oldenbourg, S. 255, ISBN 3486580507.
  8. ↑ In Macedonia, eyewitnesses recall and newsreel footage shows that the local Macedonian population went out to greet the Bulgarian troops who had helped remove the Yugoslav yoke, and that they waved Bulgarian flags. Keith Brown, The Past in Question: Modern Macedonia and the Uncertainties of Nation, Keith Brown; Princeton University Press, 2018; ISBN 0691188432, S. 134.
  9. ↑ At first, many Macedonians greeted the Bulgarians with enthusiasm. Hilde Katrine Haug, Creating a Socialist Yugoslavia: Tito, Communist Leadership and the National Question, Bloomsbury Publishing, 2012, ISBN 0857721216, S. 105.
  10. ↑ Many Slavs in Macedonia, perhaps the majority, still harboured Bulgarian consciousness... The initial reaction among the population was to greet the Bulgarians as liberators. Dejan Djokić, Yugoslavism: Histories of a Failed Idea, 1918-1992, C. Hurst & Co. Publishers, 2003, ISBN 1850656630, S. 119.
  11. ↑ Although a pro-Bulgarian inclination, fed by the Serbian assimilationist policy, has been always strong among the Macedonians, it reached its peak in 1941, at a time when the Bulgarian troops were welcomed as 'liberators. Dimitris Livanios, The Macedonian Question: Britain and the Southern Balkans 1939-1949, OUP Oxford, 2008, ISBN 0191528722, S. 179.
  12. ↑ ...indeed, the incoming Bulgarian troops were hailed as liberators from Serb rule. (Miller 1975; Svolopoulos 1987a; Kotzageorgi-Zymari 2002; Crampton 2008, 258–62; Livanios 2008, 102–27). Evanthis Hatzivassiliou and Dimitrios Triantaphyllou as ed. NATO's First Enlargement: A Reassessment, Routledge, 2017, ISBN 113479844X, S. 51.
  13. ↑ “The question as of whether a Macedonian nation actually existed in the 1940s when a Communist Yugoslavia decided to recognize one is difficult to answer. Some observers argue that even at this time it was doubtful whether the Slavs from Macedonia considered themselves to be a nationality separate from the Bulgarians.” The Macedonian conflict: ethnic nationalism in a transnational world, Loring M. Danforth, Princeton University Press, 1997, ISBN 0-691-04356-6, S. 65-66.
  14. ↑ “Yugoslav Communists recognized the existence of a Macedonian nationality during WWII to quiet fears of the Macedonian population that a communist Yugoslavia would continue to follow the former Yugoslav policy of forced Serbianization. Hence, for them to recognize the inhabitants of Macedonia as Bulgarians would be tantamount to admitting that they should be part of the Bulgarian state. For that the Yugoslav Communists were most anxious to mold Macedonian history to fit their conception of Macedonian consciousness. The treatment of Macedonian history in Communist Yugoslavia had the same primary goal as the creation of the Macedonian language: to de-Bulgarize the Macedonian Slavs and to create a separate national consciousness that would inspire identification with Yugoslavia.” Siehe: Stephen E. Palmer, Robert R. King, Yugoslav communism and the Macedonian question, Archon Books, 1971, ISBN 0208008217, Chapter 9: The encouragement of Macedonian culture.
  15. ↑ “Nodoubt,the vast majority of the Macedonian peasants, being neither communists nor members of IMRO (United), had not been previously affected by Macedonian national ideology. The British officials who attempted to tackle this issue in the 1940s noted the pro-Bulgarian sentiment of many peasants and pointed out that Macedonian nationhood rested ‘on rather shaky historical and philological foundations’ and, therefore, had to be constructed by the Macedonian leadership.” Livanios, D. (2008), The Macedonian Question: Britain and the Southern Balkans 1939-1949.: Oxford University Press, ISBN 0191528722, S. 206.
  16. ↑ As David Fromkin (1993, p. 71) confirms: “even as late as 1945, Slavic Macedonia had no national identity of its own.” Nikolaos Zahariadis (2005) Essence of Political Manipulation: Emotion, Institutions, & Greek Foreign Policy, Peter Lang, S. 85, ISBN 0820479039.
  17. ↑ Per Stefan Troebst Macedonian national language, national literature, national history and national church were not available in 1944, but they were accomplished in a short time. The south-east-Slavic regional idiom of the area of Prilep-Veles was codified as the script, normed orthographically by means of the Cyrillic Alphabet, and taken over immediately by the newly created media. And the people have been patching up the national history ever since. Thus, they are forming more of an “ethnic” than a political concept of nation. Siehe: One Macedonia With Three Faces: Domestic Debates and Nation Concepts, in Intermarium; Columbia University; Volume 4, No. 3 (2000–2001).
  18. ↑ D. Hupchick: The Balkans: From Constantinople to Communism. Springer, 2002, ISBN 0-312-29913-3, S. 430: „In the interwar period, Serbian was imposed as the official Macedonian language and the use of Bulgarian was forbidden. The Macedonian partisans established a commission to create an “official” Macedonian literary language (1945), which became the Macedonian Slavs' legal “first” language, with Serbo-Croatian a recognized “second” and Bulgarian proscribed“
  19. ↑ However, in Macedonia today there remain those who identify themselves as Bulgarians. Hostility to them remains, even if less than in Communist Yugoslavia, where it was forbidden to proclaim Bulgarian identity with the partial exception of the Strumica region. Siehe: Dejan Djokić, Yugoslavism. Histories of a Failed Idea, 1918-1992 C. Hurst & Co. Publishers, 2003, ISBN 1850656630, S. 122.
  20. ↑ “Western outlands” (“Западните покрайнини” in Bulgarian) is a term used in Bulgaria for the municipalities of Dimitrovgrad and Bosilegrad in Serbia, and Strumica in Macedonia - awarded to Serbia, i.e. to the Kingdom of the Serbs, Croats and Slovenes, after World War I. Siehe: Nikolai Petrović et al., Bulgarians in Serbia and Serbian-Bulgarian Relations in the Light of Serbia's European Integration. Policy Study. Belgrade, ISAC Fund, 2013. S. 6.
  21. ↑ Dimitar Bechev (1919) Historical Dictionary of North Macedonia, Edition 2; Rowman & Littlefield, ISBN 1538119625, S. 235.
  22. ↑ Георги Фотев, Другият етнос (1994) Акад. изд-во "Марин Дринов", БАН, София, ISBN 9544303197, S. 130.
  23. ↑ Богослав Јанев, Босилегратчани во Македонија, Скопје: Здружение на граѓани. "Босилеградско", 2006, Куманово: Графотекс. ISBN 9989-57-472-3.
  24. ↑ Александър Димитров, Колко са българите в РС Македония? Глас, Прес 10 март 2021 г.
  25. ↑ За да се узакони извънсъдебната разправа, на 20 ноември 1946 г. комунистическият официоз „ Нова Македония “ публикува приетия Закон за съдене на престъпленията против македонската национална чест. Siehe: Велизар Енчев, Югославската идея: исторически, политически и международни аспекти на доктрината за национално освобождение и държавно обединение на южните славян, изд-во Захарий Стоянов, 2009, ISBN 9540902673, S. 325.
  26. ↑ Стефан Карастоянов, Балканите - политикогеографски анализи (2002) География и геополитика, Унив. изд. "Св. Кл. Охридски", ISBN 954-07-1678-0, S. 124.
  27. ↑ Малко известни факти от живота на Лазар Колишевски. Цочо Билярски. „Сите българи заедно“
  28. ↑ Македонски научен институт, 13 юли, 2016 г. Михайло Апостолски иска да стане български чиновник.
  29. ↑ Цанко Серафимов, "Македония IX в.пр.Хр. - XXI в. Един прочит на историята на страдалната земя", София, издателство "Орбел", S. 371, 374
  30. ↑ Athanasios Moulakis: The Controversial Ethnogenesis of Macedonia; S. 495–510. European Political Science, 24. Dezember 2010.
  31. ↑ Since the foundation of the Yugoslav republic this construction was conducted in haste and hurry: “National language, national literature, national history and national church were not available in 1944, but they were accomplished in a short time. The south-east-Slavic regional idiom of the area of Prilep-Veles was codified as the script, normed orthographically by means of the Cyrillic Alphabet, and taken over immediately by the newly created media.” And the people have been patching up the national history ever since. Thus, they are forming more of an “ethnic” than a political concept of nation. Siehe: Carsten Wieland: One Macedonia With Three Faces: Domestic Debates and Nation Concepts.; Columbia University Press (Hrsg.): InterMarium. 4, Nr. 1, 2000–2001.
  32. ↑ Victor Roudometof: Collective Memory, National Identity, and Ethnic Conflict: Greece, Bulgaria, and the Macedonian Question. Greenwood Publishing Group, 2002, ISBN 9780275976484, S. 104: „Additionally, some 100,000 people were imprisoned in the post-1944 period for violations of the law for the "protection of Macedonian national honor," and some 1,260 Bulgarian sympathizers were allegedly killed.“
  33. ↑ The Law for the Protection of Macedonian National Honour was passed in 1945. The act allowed the sentencing of citizens for collaboration, pro-Bulgarian sympathies, and contesting Macedonia's status within Yugoslavia. The latter charge was used to sentence Metodij Andonov-Čento who opposed the authorities’ decision to join the federation without reserving the right to a secession and criticised it for not putting enough emphasis on Macedonian culture. Siehe: Communist dictatorship in Macedonia. The Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (1945-1992). Communist crimes. Estonian Institute of Historical Memory.
  34. ↑ Bulgarian sources assert that thousands lost their lives due to this cause after 1944 , and that more than 100,000 people were imprisoned under the law for the protection of Macedonian national honour 'for opposing the new ethnogenesis'. 1,260 leading Bulgarians were allegedly killed in Skopje, Veles, Kumanovo, Prilep, Bitola and Stip... Siehe: Hugh Poulton, Who are the Macedonians? C. Hurst & Co. Publishers, 2000, ISBN 1850655340, S. 118.
  35. ↑ John Phillips, Macedonia: Warlords and Rebels in the Balkans. (2004) I.B. Tauris (publisher), ISBN 186064841X, S. 40.
  36. ↑ To make the population understand better that the Vardar river was now flowing against Bulgaria, show trials were also used: courts were established in early 1945, to try offences against ‘Macedonian national honour’. During these highly publicized trials, with Lazar Mojsov acting as the public prosecutor, many real (or imaginary) collaborators and pro-Bulgarians were sentenced to death for having betrayed their motherland. These parodies of justice, however, caused very soon a considerable amount of dissatisfaction in Macedonia. In August 1945,Pavel ˇSatev, then minister of justice, confided to a British official that the courts had to be dissolved; he also felt obliged to acknowledge that the main problem was the lack of ‘properly trained jurists’. Siehe: Dimitris Livanios, The Macedonian Question: Britain and the Southern Balkans 1939-1949, OUP Oxford, 2008, ISBN 0191528722, S. 202.
  37. ↑ Bulgarian sources assert that thousands have lost their lives since 1944, with over 100,000 being imprisoned under 'the law for the protection of Macedonian national honour' for opposing the new ethnogenesis. However, while occasional trial continued throughout the life of Communist Yugoslavia, the vast bulk took place in the late 1940s. Siehe: Dejan Djokić, Yugoslavism: Histories of a Failed Idea, 1918–1992, C. Hurst & Co. Publishers, 2003, ISBN 1850656630, S. 122.
  38. ↑ Yugoslav Communists recognized the existence of a Macedonian nationality during WWII to quiet fears of the Macedonian population that a communist Yugoslavia would continue to follow the former Yugoslav policy of forced Serbianization. Hence, for them to recognize the inhabitants of Macedonia as Bulgarians would be tantamount to admitting that they should be part of the Bulgarian state. For that the Yugoslav Communists were most anxious to mold Macedonian history to fit their conception of Macedonian consciousness. The treatment of Macedonian history in Communist Yugoslavia had the same primary goal as the creation of the Macedonian language: to de-Bulgarize the Macedonian Slavs, and to create a national consciousness that would inspire identification with Yugoslavia. Siehe: Stephen E. Palmer, Robert R. King, Yugoslav communism and the Macedonian question, Archon Books, 1971, ISBN 0208008217, Chapter 9: The encouragement of Macedonian culture.
  39. ↑ The Serbianization of the Vardar region ended and Yugoslavization was not introduced either; rather, a policy of cultural, linguistic, and “historical” Macedonization by de-Bulgarianization was implemented, with immediate success. Siehe: Irina Livezeanu and Arpad von Klimo The Routledge as ed. History of East Central Europe since 1700, Routledge, 2017, ISBN 1351863428, S. 490.
  40. ↑ In Macedonia, post-WWII generations grew up "overdosed" with strong anti-Bulgarian sentiment, leading to the creation of mainly negative stereotypes for Bulgaria and its nation. The anti-Bulgariansim (or Bulgarophobia) increased almost to the level of state ideology during the ideological monopoly of the League of Communists of Macedonia, and still continues to do so today, although with less ferocity... However, it is more important to say openly that a great deal of these anti-Bulgarian sentiments result from the need to distinguish between the Bulgarian and the Macedonian nations. Macedonia could confirm itself as a state with its own past, present and future only through differentiating itself from Bulgaria. Siehe: Mirjana Maleska. With the eyes of the "other" (about Macedonian-Bulgarian relations and the Macedonian national identity). In New Balkan Politics, Issue 6, pp. 9–11. Peace and Democracy Center: "Ian Collins", Skopje, Macedonia, 2003. ISSN 1409-9454.
  41. ↑ Macedonia, FYR (Yugoslavia) (Englisch) In: Macedonia, FYR (Yugoslavia) | Communist Crimes . Abgerufen am 10. Januar 2021: „The Law for the Protection of Macedonian National Honour was passed in 1945. The act allowed the sentencing of citizens for collaboration, pro-Bulgarian sympathies, and contesting Macedonia's status within Yugoslavia. The latter charge was used to sentence Metodij Andonov-Čento who opposed the authorities’ decision to join the federation without reserving the right to a secession and criticised it for not putting enough emphasis on Macedonian culture. Siehe: Communist dictatorship in Macedonia. The Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (1945-1992).“
  42. ↑ Together with the mass murders without trial and sentences in the end of 1944 and all throughout 1945, the communist authorities organize legal processes against the leading Bulgarian intelligentsia. Among the first accused are: D. Gyuselev, doctor of philosophy from Doiran; eng. D. Tchkatrov from Prilep; eng. Spiro Kitintchev from Scopje; Dr. Robev from Bitola ... and thousands of their coactivists and followers from the whole Vardar Macedonia... Now, to the "Macedonian court" people are brought under the "Law for the Macedonian honour". Every one who considers himself Bulgarian or thinks that the history, language and the nationality of the Slavonic population in Macedonia are Bulgarian, automatically is attacked by the strict prosecution paragraphs of this anti-Bulgarian law with the accusation that he works against "the people and the state", that he is enemy of "new Yugoslavia", of the brotherhood and unity of the "Yugoslav people" and so on Siehe: Гоцев, Димитър, Новата национално-освободителна борба във Вардарска Македония 1944-1991 г., София, Македонски научен институт, 1998, p. 37.
  43. ↑ Коста Църнушанов: Македонизмът и съпротивата на Македония срещу него, София, 1992 година, S 149. (bulgarisch)
  44. ↑ Вплоть до начала 90 - х годов действовал закон о македонской национальной чести, предусматривающий тюремное заключение каждого, кто "осмеливался ощущать себя болгарином". Siehe: Валентина Владимировна Марьина как редактор, Национальная политика в странах формирующегося советского блока, 1944-1948, (2004) Российская Академия Наук, изд. Наука, ISBN 5020098647, S. 492.
  45. ↑ Вардарска Македония влиза в състава на Федеративната народна република Югославия като отделна единица под името Народна (по-късно Социалистическа) република Македония. Там с пълна сила се развихря македонизмът, въздигнат от верните на Тито скопски сърбокомунисти до ранга на държавна доктрина. Веднага след създаване на НР Македония там започват небивали репресии срещу всичко българско и срещу всички лица с българско национално самосъзнание. Те са натиквани в затвори и концентрационни лагери и са избивани без съд и присъда. Чак до началото на 90-те години там действа т.нар Закон за македонската национална чест, предвиждащ затвор за всеки, който се осмелява да се чувства българин. Siehe: Антони Гиза, Балканските държави и македонския въпрос, Македонски научен институт, превод от полски - Димитър Димитров, София, 2001, стр. 129.
  46. ↑ As admits Bozhidar Dimitrov, a well-known opponent of the Macedonian national identity and who is now deceased, there is no such law now. In 2009, [Bulgarian historian then Minister responsible for the Bulgarians abroad] he addressed the Committee for human rights, religions, complaints and petitions [in Bulgarian Parliament] when he filed a petition in support of the harassed Bulgarians in then Republic of Macedonia. Among other things, Bozhidar Dimitrov said the following at the Bulgarian parliament. “In Macedonia there has been (I investigated about how long it was into force – from June 1945 until 1991) a Law of Macedonian national conscience”. Siehe: Razvigorov claims falsely without checking first as Macedonia has no law on Macedonian national honor. 16 January 2020, Fact-checking; Meta.mk.
  47. ↑ Управување со Дигиталната Безбедност и Анонимност, Жарко Ѓуров и Лилјана Ацковска. Закон за Македонската национална чест - UDBAMK: This Law is officially considered to have been valid for only 6 months from December 30, 1944 till July 1, 1945, but in fact its official legal significance in the legislative sense is that it was in force until a decision for its abolition was not published in the Official Gazette no.3. in February 1948. In fact, this official newspaper specifically states that a "Law confirming the decisions and laws adopted before November 4, 1946" is being passed. That in fact means that the abolition of the "Decision to establish a court to try the crimes committed against the Macedonian national honor", although adopted on July 1, 1945, did not enter into force until February 3, 1948.
  48. ↑ Inverview. mit dem Historiker Raymond Detrez. In: Deutsche Welle. 30. November 2020, abgerufen am 6. September 2021 (aus dem maz.: In Jugoslawien, in den Republiken, in denen es während des Krieges eine umfassende Zusammenarbeit mit Deutschland und / oder seinen Verbündeten gab, nämlich Kroatien, Kosovo und Mazedonien, war die Repression nach dem Krieg groß und während Titos Regierungszeit verbreiteten die Behörden weiterhin Hass gegen den Feind. In diesem Sinne wurden die junge Menschen erzogen. Obwohl der Feind eher als ideologisch als ethnisch angesehen wurde, waren antibulgarische Ressentiments ein wichtiger Bestandteil des mazedonischen Nationalismus.): „Во Југославија, во оние републики каде постоеше широка соработка со Германија и/или нејзините сојузници за време на војната, имено Хрватска, Косово и Македонија, повоената репресија беше жестока и во текот на целиот Титов период, властите продолжија да шират омраза кон „непријателот“. Младите беа воспитани во овој дух. Иако непријателот се сметаше повеќе за идеолошки отколку за етнички, антибугарските чувства беа важна компонента на македонскиот национализам“
  49. ↑ Michael L. Benson: Yugoslavia: A Concise History. Springer, London 2003, ISBN 1-4039-9720-9, S. 89: „After WWII in Macedonia the past was systematically falsified to conceal the fact that many prominent ‘Macedonians’ had supposed themselves to be Bulgarians, and generations of students were taught the pseudo-history of the Macedonian nation. The mass media and education were the key to this process of national acculturation, speaking to people in a language that they came to regard as their Macedonian mother tongue, even if it was perfectly understood in Sofia“
  50. ↑ Drezov K.: Macedonian identity: an overview of the major claims. In: Pettifer J. (Hrsg.): The New Macedonian Question. St Antony's Series. Palgrave Macmillan, London 1999, ISBN 978-0-333-92066-4, S. 51: „Once specifically Macedonian interests came to the fore under the Yugoslav communist umbrella and in direct confrontation with the Bulgarian occupation authorities (during WWII), the Bulgarian part of the identity of Vardar Macedonians was destined to die out – in a process similar to the triumph of Austrian over German-Austrian identity in post-war years“
  51. ↑ Ana Kotschewa: Да си българин в Македония, е удар в сърцето на концепцията за македонска нация. In: andrey-kovatchev.eu / Frognews. 16. August 2012, abgerufen am 17. September 2021 (bulgarisch): „zitat“
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