Awatere Fault

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<mapframe text="(1)

Alpine Fault

, (2)

Wairau
Fault

, (3)

Awatere
Fault

, (4)

Clarence Fault

, (5)

Hope Fault

, Südinsel, Neuseeland --- Quelle: data.gns.cri.nz/af" width="300" height="300" longitude="172.8" latitude="-41.9" zoom="7">

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Die

Awatere
Fault

ist eine geologische Verwerfung in der Region

Marlborough

auf der Südinsel von Neuseeland.

Namensherkunft

Die

Awatere
Fault

bekam ihren Namen 1892 durch den schottisch-neuseeländischen Geologen

Alexander McKay

(1841–1917), als er annahm, dass die Verwerfung von dem Tal des

Awatere
River

durch die

Cook Strait

bis hin zur

Wellington Fault

reichte und zu anderen Seite bis zur

Hope Fault

. Doch 1953 wurde seine Annahme durch den Geologen

Harold Wellman

widerlegt und die Verbindung zur

Alpine Fault

nachgewiesen.[1]

Geographie

Die

Awatere
Fault

zieht sich über eine Länge von ungefähr 200 km, beginnend von der

Alpine Fault

westlich des

Lewis Pass

bis in nordöstliche Richtung zum nördlichen Ende der

Clifford Bay

bei

White Bluffs

/

Te Parinui o Whiti

und darüber hinaus ca. 20 km in die

Cook Strait

hinein.[2] Die

Awatere
Fault

ist eine von vier Verwerfungen in der

Marlborough Fault Zone

, die allesamt einer gleichen nordöstlichen Ausrichtung folgen. Von Nord nach Süd aufgezählt wären dies die

Wairau
Fault

, gefolgt von der

Awatere
Fault

, der

Clarence Fault

und der

Hope Fault

.

Geologie

Die

Awatere
Fault

ist Teil der Subduktionszone, in der sich die Pazifische Platte mit einer Geschwindigkeit von 39 mm pro Jahr[3] unter die Australische Platte schiebt. Im Nordosten der Südinsel Neuseelands wird die schräg-konvergente Relativbewegung zwischen den tektonischen Platten der Pazifischen und der Australischen durch Gleiten und Rutschen über die aktive rechtsseitig-schräge Verwerfungen im Verwerfungssystem der Region

Marlborough

ausgeglichen. Doch die

Awatere
Fault

ist auf ihrer Länge gesehen nicht gleichzeitig aktiv. Es konnte festgestellt werden, dass sich die Verwerfung in zwei Sektionen aufteilt, die in der Literatur als „östliche Sektion“ und als „

Molesworth

-Sektion“ bezeichnet werden und sich in der Gegend um Molesworth geographisch gesehen überlappen.[4] Der östliche Abschnitt war Untersuchungen zur Folge im Durchschnitt alle 1100 Jahre mit einem schweren Erdbeben aktiv, wohingegen die

Molesworth

-Sektion zwischen Aktivitäten alle 700 Jahre bis 1430 Jahre schwankt.[5] Mit Ausnahme des küstennahen Teils weist die

Awatere
Fault

(einschließlich des

Molesworth

-Abschnitts) eine Gleitrate von 7 ± 1 mm/Jahr in den letzten 15.000 Jahren auf, wobei die Verwerfungsrate in den letzten 3000 Jahren aufgrund von datierten Terrassenverschiebungen möglicherweise abgenommen hat. Nahe der Küste reduziert sich die Rate der Verschiebungen auf weniger als 1,4 mm/Jahr bezogen auf die zurückliegenden 23.000 Jahre.[6]

Erdbeben-Ereignis

Am 16. Oktober 1848 ereignete sich in dem westlichen Zweig der

Awatere
Fault

ein Erdbeben der Stärke zwischen 7,4 MW und 7,7 MW, das als

Marlborough

-Erdbeben bezeichnet wurde.[7] Man geht davon aus, dass sich bei dem Beben Strukturen der Verwerfung auf einer Länge von rund 100 km und einer mittleren horizontalen Oberflächenverschiebung von 5,3 m ± 1,6 m verändert haben.[8]

Siehe auch

Literatur

  • Donna Eberhart-Phillips, Stephen Bannister
    :
    3-D imaging of Marlborough, New Zealand, subducted plate and strike-slip fault systems
    . In:
    Oxford University Press
    (Hrsg.):
    Geophysical Journal International
    .
    Vol. 182
    , 2010, S. 73–96, doi:10.1111/j.1365-246X.2010.04621.x (englisch).
  • Dougal P. M. Mason, Timothy A. Little, Russ J. van Dissen
    :
    Influance of a Fault-Segment Junction on the Rupturing Behaviour of the Awatere Fault, New Zealand, and Displacement-Length Measurement for the Marlborough Earthquake Rupture of 1848
    .
    New Zealand Earthquake Commission research report No.01/442
    . Hrsg.:
    New Zealand Earthquake Commission
    . Juni 2004 (englisch, Online [PDF; 34,1 MB; abgerufen am 2. Dezember 2021]).

Einzelnachweise

  1. ↑
    R. P. Suggate, H. S. Gair, D. R. Gregg
    :
    The South-West Extension of the
    Awatere
    Fault
    . In:
    New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics
    .
    Volume 4
    ,
    Issue 3
    , 1961, S. 264, doi:10.1080/00288306.1961.10423126 (englisch).
  2. ↑
    Mason, Little, van Dissen
    :
    New Zealand Earthquake Commission research report No.01/442
    . 2004, S. 7.
  3. ↑
    Mason, Little, van Dissen
    :
    New Zealand Earthquake Commission research report No.01/442
    . 2004, S. 32.
  4. ↑
    Mason, Little, van Dissen
    :
    New Zealand Earthquake Commission research report No.01/442
    . 2004, S. V.
  5. ↑
    Mason, Little, van Dissen
    :
    New Zealand Earthquake Commission research report No.01/442
    . 2004, S. iii.
  6. ↑
    Rodney Grapes , Timothy Little, Gaye Downes
    :
    Rupturing of the
    Awatere
    Fault during the 1848 October 16 Marlborough earthquake, New Zealand: Historical and present day evidence
    . In:
    New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics
    .
    Volume 41
    ,
    Issue 4
    , 1998, S. 388, doi:10.1080/00288306.1998.9514818 (englisch).
  7. ↑
    M 7.4 - 7.7, Marlborough, 16 October 1848
    .
    GeoNet - GNS Science
    , archiviert vom Original am 19. März 2013; abgerufen am 2. Dezember 2021 (englisch).
  8. ↑
    Large magnitude earthquakes on the
    Awatere
    Fault, Marlborough
    .
    International Atomic Energy Agency
    , abgerufen am 2. Dezember 2021 (englisch).
Abgerufen von „https://de.wikiup.org/index.php?title=Awatere_Fault&oldid=226456656“